Ancient Sports and Games: Mexico, Native America, Rome, and the East
Ancient Games and Sports in Mexico
Games of great violence were played, such as Tlachtli, or ball, which later turned into a ritual. They began playing in 500 BC.
Tlachtli
The game was a party where two men dressed as an eagle and a jaguar, respectively. There was a platform with a stake in the center. The leg of an enemy warrior was tied to it, and he was given a shield and a blunt sword. Both beat him until he was killed, and the winner was the one who killed him.
Hunting
When the morning dawned, they
Read MoreSpanish Government Structure and Regional Autonomy
The Government
The organs comprise the President, Vice-President(s), and the Ministers, acting both collectively through the Council of Ministers and the Executive Committee of the Government.
Government formation is initiated by the granting of parliamentary confidence to a certain candidate by the Congress of Deputies. Appointed by the President, he proposed the appointment of other members of the Government to the King, who formally appoints the ministers, though with no decision or veto power.
Read MoreCellular Respiration, Nutrition, and Human Body Systems
Cellular Respiration and Energy Production
Nutrients contribute to the fuel for cell energy. Cells use this energy to perform their functions. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Glucose is the nutrient most commonly used. There are three phenomena in this process:
- Consumption of oxygen, whose presence is necessary for combustion
- Release of energy, used by cells
- Production of carbon dioxide and water
The useful energy contained in nutrients are chemical substances. This energy is called
Read MorePlato’s Philosophy: Ideas, Soul, Knowledge, and Ethics
Duality of Worlds
Plato presents a duality of worlds:
- Physical: Particular objects, characterized by continuous change.
- Ideas: Ideas in themselves, the truly real. These ideas are intelligible and are the essence of things. They are separate from the physical but exist in themselves. The way to discover them is through thinking, and they are therefore subject to scientific study. Each idea is unique, eternal, and unchanging, unlike physical entities, which are limited representations of the ideas as
Key Concepts in Economics: Production, Costs, Revenue, and Market Structures
Key Economic Concepts: Production, Costs, and Revenue
Production Timeframes
- Short Run: A period where at least one factor of production is fixed. All production occurs in the short run. The length is determined by the time needed to increase the quantity of the fixed factor.
- Long Run: A period where all factors of production are variable, but technology is fixed. All planning occurs in the long run.
Production Metrics
- Total Product: Total output a firm produces in a given period.
- Average Product: Output
Corporate Finance: Structure, Cycles, and Funding
The Economic and Financial Structure of a Company
For a company to function, it needs to manage a number of assets (inventory, cash, raw materials, etc.). This constitutes its assets and defines the economic structure of the company. To acquire these assets, the company requires funding. The origin of these funds is its liabilities and defines the company’s financial structure.
The Financial Area of a Company
Objective:
- Design the most appropriate financial structure.
- Determine the extent to which candidates
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy and Theology
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Key Philosophical and Theological Concepts
The Five Ways: Proofs for the Existence of God
First Way: Argument from Motion
It is evident from our senses that the world contains things that move. Everything that moves is moved by another. To be moved requires potentiality, and to move requires actuality. It is impossible for something to be both mover and moved in the same way simultaneously. Therefore, it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, a pure act, that is not moved by
Read MoreSpain Under Ferdinand VII: A Clash of Ideologies
The Reign of Ferdinand VII
During the reign of Fernando VII, “The Desired” (1814-1833), there was a major conflict between absolutism and liberalism. His reign is divided into three phases.
1st Stage: Sexenio Absolutista (1814-1820)
Enthusiastically received, especially by the absolutists (nobility and clergy), in the document known as the “Manifesto of the Persians,” he expressed his desire to bring back the old regime and its belief in the unlimited power of the king and alliance of throne and altar,
Read MoreAgrarian Change and Land Confiscation in 19th-Century Spain
The Process of Confiscation and Agrarian Change:
The lands of the nobility were linked so that they could not be sold or divided; they were integrated into the primogeniture. The Church owned large tracts of land; they might or might not be brought into cultivation or leased to farmers as needed. Municipalities also owned land. These were usually of two forms: common-use lands (called *common lands*) and *own land*, which were those leased by municipalities and individuals whose income covered the
Read MoreBiological Processes: From Cells to Organisms
Goiter and Diabetes
Goiter: Pathological inflammation of the thyroid gland. Diabetes: Disorder in the production of the quantity of insulin needed.
Tropism in Plants
Tropism: Growth responses with which plants react to different external stimuli. Phototropism: Growth toward the light or in the opposite direction. Photojournalism: Variable duration of daylight and darkness in the year. Blooming: Process affected by the photoperiod. Geotropism: The plant’s response to gravity. Thigmotropism: The plant’
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