Essential Business Law Concepts for BBA Students
Negotiable Instruments: Definition & Party Liabilities
Definition of Negotiable Instrument
According to Section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, a Negotiable Instrument means a Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or Cheque payable either to order or to bearer.
A Negotiable Instrument is a written document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money to a specified person or the bearer of the instrument, either on demand or at a future date.
Examples of Negotiable Instruments
- Promissory
Geological Time and Earth’s History: Dating Methods Explained
Earth’s Archives: Unlocking Geological History
Rocks: Records of Earth’s Past
Rocks contain vital information about Earth’s past, revealing different aspects of its history:
- Fossils: Remains of an organism or its activity, providing insights into past life.
- Rock Nature and Composition: Reveal the processes and conditions of their formation.
- Rock Morphology: Informs about the agents that shaped them.
- Rock Structures: Indicate the forces to which they have been subjected.
Fundamental Principles of Geology
The
Read MoreKey Economic & Monetary Terms Defined
Central Bank’s Foreign Assets
Account balance consists mainly of reserves.
Central Bank Domestic Assets
Account balance consists of:
- Credits to state enterprises, the State Bank, commercial banks, and other institutions
- Fiscal transfers
- Credit-subordinated obligations of financial institutions
Monetary Aggregate
The stock of money in the economy. It takes different definitions depending on the degree of liquidity of the financial assets that comprise it. The Central Bank of Chile considers three monetary
Read MoreTakaful Legal Framework & Risk Management in Malaysia
Legal Framework of Takaful in Malaysia
The legal landscape for Takaful in Malaysia has evolved significantly, transitioning from earlier acts to comprehensive modern legislation.
Evolution of Takaful Laws
- Insurance Act 1963 (Repealed): Replaced by the Financial Services Act 2013 (FSA 2013).
- Takaful Act 1984 (Repealed): Replaced by the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (IFSA 2013).
Key Legal Categories
The Takaful industry operates under several categories of laws and policies:
Enabling Laws
These laws
Read MoreUnderstanding Diagnosis and Evaluation in Social Work Practice
The primary aim is to establish a hierarchy and conduct a needs assessment, leading to intervention in social work cases, based on issues identified by the professional.
MOIX’s Key Periods in Social Work Process
- Data Collection
- Study and Evaluation
- Diagnosis
- Temporary Application of Solutions
- Completion
Francisco Garcia Fernandez: Diagnosis Steps
Francisco Garcia Fernandez explains diagnosis as a process step comprising:
- Knowledge of Social Reality
- Technical-Scientific Interpretation of Social Reality
- Professional
Food Microbiology Essentials: Safety, Preservation, Nutrition
What is Food Microbiology?
Food microbiology is the study of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses) that grow in or contaminate food. It focuses on how microbes affect food safety, preservation, fermentation, and spoilage.
Significance of Food Microbiology
- Food Safety: Helps identify and control harmful microbes like Salmonella or E. coli.
- Food Preservation: Understands how to use methods like refrigeration or fermentation to control microbial growth.
- Food Production: Supports beneficial
Industrial Revolution: Causes, Energy, and Production
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth
Since the eighteenth century, plague epidemics were disappearing, and the development of agriculture allowed for increased food production, leading to a significant decline in mortality.
- European mortality, including infant mortality, declined.
- The birth rate decreased slowly but remained high, leading to considerable vegetative growth.
- Population growth was greater in cities. There were also significant migrations, especially to America.
Agricultural
Read MoreFundamental Concepts in Physics and Biology
Physics Fundamentals
Optics: Formulas and Definitions
Key Optical Formulas
- Refractive Index (Prism Formula): n = sin((A + Dₘ) / 2) / sin(A / 2)
- Displacement Formula: d = (l sin(i – r)) / cos(r)
Sign Conventions and Lens Formulas
- Object Distance (u): Always positive (+)
- Image Distance (v): Real (+) / Virtual (-)
- Magnification (m): Real (-) / Virtual (+)
- Focal Length (f) & Power (P): Convex (+) / Concave (-)
- Lens Behavior:
- If v > f: Convex lens behavior
- If v < f: Concave lens behavior
- Refraction at
Spanish Labor Law Essentials: Employment Contracts & Social Security
Salary Definition and Types in Spain
Salary is a fixed amount of money or compensation paid to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. In Spain, it can be paid:
- On an hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
- In cash (cheques, bank transfers, money).
- As perks (e.g., lodging, car, private medical care) or rest time, which count as job performance.
- Perks cannot exceed 30% of the total salary payments.
National Minimum Wage and Salary Guarantees
- The National Minimum Wage (Salario Mínimo
New Zealand Financial Reporting Standards & Accounting Principles
Financial Accounting & External Reporting Environment
- Financial Accounting: A process involving collecting and processing financial information to meet decision-making needs of external parties. It is subject to many regulations, unlike management accounting which focuses on internal users and is largely unregulated.
- General Purpose Financial Reports (GPFR) / Statements (GPFS): A report that complies with the New Zealand Framework and accounting standards, designed to meet the needs of external