University Trajectory: Medieval Foundations to Modern Reforms
University: Concept and Evolution
The idea of Universitas includes the pursuit of truth, freedom, democracy, and critical thinking, which can achieve emancipated forms of life by challenging the subtle forms of oppression in society. Traditionally elitist, universities were created in medieval times to provide training for certain professions. They permitted upward mobility for broad social sectors and are now producing significant scientific knowledge.
Medieval Origins
Early Schools and Liberal Arts
The
Read MoreControl Systems, Actuators, and Automation Technologies
Understanding Control Circuits
Control circuits represent a significant family of electrical circuits. A circuit is a technological device where information is input to produce an output response. These circuits are broadly classified into two main categories:
- Open-chain circuits (linear control)
- Feedback control circuits (for adjustment)
Sensors and Actuators in Control Systems
Sensors and detectors are positioned at the input stage of a control device, while actuators (or working bodies) operate at
Read MoreSocial Psychology Fundamentals: Behavior, Influence, Research
Chapter 1: Introduction to Social Psychology
Defining Social Psychology
Social Psychology is the science that studies how situations influence us, with special attention to how people view and affect one another.
The Social Situation
The social situation is the combination of people, environmental factors, and social cues that influence an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at a given time.
- Objective vs. Subjective Reality:
- Objective Reality: A factual state of affairs; what is actually happening.
Understanding Vocabulary and Grammar in English
Vocabulary – Human-Made Wonders: Bridge (ponte), Canal (canal), Plaza (praça), Skyscraper (arranha-céu), Stadium (estádio), Subway System (metrô), Tower (torre), Tunnel (túnel).
Grammar: Comparisons with Adjectives and Nouns
– Use the –er ending or more… than with adjectives to make comparisons.
The Empire State Building is older, taller, and more famous than Rockefeller Center.
– You can also use not as… as to make comparisons with adjectives.
The lines at Rockefeller Center are not as long
Read MoreUnderstanding Argumentation Structure & Types
An argument is a variety of discourse used to defend an opinion and persuade a receiver using evidence and reasoning. It relates to different disciplines:
- Logic: laws of human reasoning
- Dialectic: procedures used to prove or disprove something
- Rhetoric: the use of linguistic resources to persuade and evoke affections, emotions, suggestions
Key Components: Thesis & Body
An argumentative essay has two elements: the thesis and the body argument.
- The thesis is the fundamental idea to reflect upon and
Essential Microbiology & Immunology Terms
Sterilization:
Destroying all microorganisms existing in any substrate.
Chemotherapeutic Agents:
Antimicrobial agents used effectively to combat infectious microbes.
Pasteurization:
Used to eliminate most microorganisms from foods.
Disinfectants:
Kill microorganisms that cause disease but do not necessarily destroy all forms (like spores).
Antiseptics:
Substances used to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes present on skin or wounds.
Selective Toxicity:
Ability to kill or inhibit disease-causing microbes
Read MoreLegal Aspects of Physical Integrity and Deprivation of Liberty
Item 35: Physical and Moral Integrity
It is recognized in Article 15 of the EC, together with the right to life. It is a regional law that protects the inviolability of the person not only against attacks aimed at damaging their body or spirit, but also against all kinds of intervention in such property that lacks the owner’s consent.
Requirements for Intervention Without Consent
- Physical inspection of records: These do not affect physical integrity.
- Body interventions: Removing an internal or external
Essential Economics Definitions
Macro Variables
Macro Variables are the key measures for assessing the overall health of a country’s economy. They represent economic activity and the sums of economic variables.
- GDP
- Labour Market
- Inflation Rate
- Interest Rate
- Government Expenditure
- Exchange Rates
- Balance of Payments
Final Good
A final good is an item bought by its final user during a period of time.
Intermediate Good
An intermediate good is an item produced by one firm, bought by another firm, and used as a component of a final good or service.
Read MoreSpanish Unified Code: Corporate Governance for Listed Firms
Context and Development of the Unified Code
The need for a Unified Code (UC) arose from several developments following the Olivencia Report (1998) and the Aldama Report (2003), as well as related legislative changes. These domestic factors necessitated a new report.
Key international drivers included:
- European Union (EU): Publication of various proposals and recommendations on specific corporate governance issues, such as the remuneration of directors in listed companies.
- Bank for International Settlements
Plato’s Philosophy: Ideas, Soul, and the Just State
Plato’s Core Philosophical Concepts
Disappointment with the political situation in Athens and the death of Socrates marked the beginning of Platonic philosophy. On one hand, contact with the Pythagoreans made Plato aware of the importance of mathematics and familiarized him with the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and reincarnation. On the other hand, his disillusionment with the dictatorship of the Thirty Tyrants, and later the Athenian democracy, led him to propose a model of society where
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