Empiricism vs. Rationalism: Exploring the Nature of Knowledge and God
Hume:
Knowledge dl PROBLEM: For Hume the elements of knowledge are impressions and ideas.
Any perception is not an idea, are prints. Know whether an idea is true if you know what impression applicable. Are two types of knowledge: the relationship between ideas, where truth does not depend on external information (logical and mathematical sciences) and knowledge of the facts (science and experimental observation). I have impressions of past events and present my memory but not verifies future because they have not occurred. According to Hume, causality analysis is that there is a fact (A) produced by another (B) because of the other. The relationship between A and B is no necessary connection can not be given, ie if there is A, given B, so A and B can not be separated. This connection is a constant succession. This underlies all physical laws and can not stand the empirical rigor. The consequence is the emergence of the phenomenon (only known phenomena and prints) and skepticism (nothing is known) as if it is removed there would be no necessary connection sensitive and demonstrative certainty. We have no knowledge of the world or God.
What ego? If I print out some would be fixed and constant, and we do not have to be different forever. Memory gives us different impressions of us, so we are not substances and more than we know nothing, no metaphysics. The result of not knowing anything has implications for the moral (ethical):
Emotive moral, if you know nothing Nor know the laws and moral standards of not having us. The foundation of my moral opinion is not reason but feeling, that we all (universal) and as much as we hate, no one wants evil to anyone (uninterested). Therefore, the sac of moral feeling, not reason because if nothing is known one can not draw any general law or ethics of nature.
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Historical Setting:
there is empiricism (XVII century XVIII century to the Enlightenment) but also influenced by logical positivism. –
Setting philosophical in which Locke is pivotal in the story is the fact that there are no innate ideas because if we would have had the all and not have to prepare. He says that experience is the origin and limits of knowledge: “there is nothing in me that has not come through the senses.” Locke creates psychologism where the value of knowledge depends on the psychological mechanisms (I draw) is a function of the subject, claiming its value. Sensitive information put in place the mechanisms and knowledge is the result.
Locke agrees with Descartes’s thesis but do not know if it true and compared with him. The notion of idea is that there are simple ideas (derived from experience, are adventitious Descartes) and complex (derived from the simple, are factitious Descartes), where there are three subtypes: the idea of substance (which I do , with some simple do a complex), and mode of relationship. Our knowledge is to know the ideas, it is innate to Descartes and Locke is the representation of external reality.
Locke is an analysis of the substance that leads him to assert that the simple ideas of a structure, if there were, there would substance, which would be a “do not know that.” The three Cartesian ideas (I, God and World) become a “do not know what” and become metaphysics. He says that certainty is a mental state, a degree of acceptance, the truth is the relationship between subject and object. Of the substance called I have a certain intuitive substance called World I have a certain sensory and God I have a substance called demonstrative certainty. The last two have been shown to causality (cause and effect). -Sociocultural context: Start private property and personal freedom.
San Agustín, the problem d God: Augustine and the Augustinians do “a priori” (prior experience) by saying that what exists in my head as I explain in reality. St. Augustine says “do not go outside yourself to prove to God, look at your conscience,” that is self-transcending it is to be able to know things that are beyond you. This internalization mutable truths are discovered, are taken to observe the world and the unchanging truths (the idea of God) are the ideas that you think are better than you. Anyone who thinks these ideas is existent because it creates things (God) and be God therefore exists. This way of showing God is called the Real Cause Provided (caused by what is done to these ideas and is proportional to them).
The Augustinian make copies of the Ontological Argument whose representative is Saint Anselm of Canterbury (sX) and mount it thus: ‘The fool says “God does not exist.” When that fool says in reference to God does it bigger than you might think. If you think that has to be there because if you miss that there would not be God.
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Historical Setting:
St. Augustine was born in the 345th Tagasta. C. (IV). It produces the disintegration of the Roman Empire. The disappearance of the empire, no state, people are organized into tribes and kingdoms, monarchies are formed selectively. The invasions of Germanic peoples drink with new beliefs and customs. In the Edict of Milan, 313, the church was recognized Christianity as the religion of the empire. The monasteries are the cultural centers and the new universities.
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Sociocultural framework:
in the Roman Empire was culturally based Greek philosophical tradition (Plato and Aristotle). Christianity emerges as a novelty and some of their doctrines are unthinkable in Greek metaphysics of that time and with this comes the confrontation between philosophy and Christianity.
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Setting philosophical at this point the Greek schools are working: