Understanding Nutrition, Stimuli, and Reproduction in Living Organisms
Nutrition in Living Organisms
Living things need energy to keep the body functioning and to produce substances for growth and development. This energy is obtained from external sources; the collection of nutrients is food.
Autotrophic Nutrition
This type of nutrition is found in plants, algae, and many bacteria. Autotrophic organisms can produce their own food (organic matter) from simple substances like water and carbon dioxide (inorganic raw materials) obtained from the environment.
Heterotrophic
Read MoreAnimal and Plant Cells: Features, Processes, and Energy Transfer
Animal and Plant Cells: Key Features
Animal Cells:
- Nucleus: Controls the activities of the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Where chemical reactions take place.
- Cell Membrane: Controls the passage of substances.
- Mitochondria: Structures in the cytoplasm responsible for energy production.
- Ribosomes: Where protein synthesis takes place.
Plant Cells:
- All have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell and provides support.
Additional Features in Plant Cells
- Chloroplasts: Found in all green parts of plants, responsible
Plant Biology and Horticultural Practices
Vascular cambium is the lateral meristem in stems that produces xylem and phloem. Spongy mesophyll is a type of loosely organized tissue that allows for air exchange within the leaf. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed. A lenticel is a rough area on some stems that serves as a breathing pore for gas exchange. Photosynthesis is not a root function. A sugar beet is a modified root that has two functions: storage and propagation. Stomata
Read MoreDigestive and Respiratory Systems: Functions and Processes
The Digestive System
It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory glands. The gastrointestinal tract is a long tube that varies along its route, widening in some places and narrowing in others. It begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The following parts are distinguished:
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Intestine
The accessory glands are organs that pour their secretions into the digestive tube. These are:
- Salivary glands (located in the mouth)
- Stomach
- Intestinal glands (in the intestine)
- Liver
- Pancreas
The
Read MoreCellular Nutrition: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Respiration
Cells need organic substances for two main purposes:
- Building and Repair: To rebuild structures, grow, and reproduce.
- Energy Production: To carry out activities such as movement and exchanging substances with the environment.
Living organisms obtain nutrition in two primary ways:
Autotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophs are able to capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce organic matter from inorganic substances. They take in raw materials to construct their own nutritional matter.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophs
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