Core Statistical Concepts and Applications
Linear Regression: Test Scores vs. Hours Studied
Consider the following linear regression equation: Test Scores = 45 + 5(Hours Studied)
- The Test Scores variable is the outcome variable. It is what the model is trying to predict.
- Hours Studied is the explanatory variable. It is used to explain or predict changes in the test scores.
- The slope coefficient associated with Hours Studied is 5. This indicates that for every additional hour spent studying, the model predicts an increase of 5 points in the test
Statistics Essentials: Stem Plots, Quartiles, Correlation
Stem Plots
To make a stem plot:
- Separate each observation into a stem (all but the final digit) and a leaf (the final digit). Stems may have as many digits as needed, but each leaf contains only a single digit.
- Write the stems in a vertical column with the smallest at the top, and draw a vertical line to the right of this column. Include all stems needed to span the data, even with no leaves.
- Write each leaf in the row to the right of its stem, in increasing order out from the stem.
Quartiles and Interquartile
Read MoreResearch Methods in Psychology: Key Concepts
Correlation vs. Causation in Research
Karpinski found, in a correlation study, that students who used Facebook had lower GPAs than those who didn’t (3.0 to 3.5 vs. 3.5 to 4.0) and spent less time studying (1-5 hours vs. 11-15 hours). However, correlation doesn’t equal causation. People who prefer more leisure time are more likely to be drawn to distractions like Facebook. Alternatively, students who use Facebook might also spend more time on other non-studying activities, such as sports or music.
Read MoreKey Concepts in Organizational Behavior
- Correlation: A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. Understanding the strength (how closely related) and direction (positive or negative) of a correlation is crucial.
- Rule of 1/8th: The idea that only 1/8th (12.5%) of organizations will successfully implement sound management practices due to various factors like misunderstanding, incomplete implementation, and lack of persistence.
Attitudes
- Value-Percept Theory: Job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job
Understanding Hypotheses in Research Methodology
Unit VI: Theory
It is an assumption that establishes the existence of a relationship between two or more variables expressed as facts, events, or factors, and should be tested to be accepted as valid. Role of Hypotheses: Guide and direct an investigation. The assumptions should be deducted from the problem and aim to study and be consistent with the theoretical framework underpinning the work. Determine the type of study to follow and the design methodology that is planned for testing.
Characteristics