Understanding Organizational Structure: Formal and Informal Relations
Understanding Organizational Structure
We can broadly define two types of relationships within an organizational structure:
1. Formal Relations
Formal relations are those that management has previously advocated and communicated to other members of the organization. For example, an integrated formal relationship in the formal organization of a company is maintained by the department head with the different departments. A weekly status meeting between the chief accountant and director to review economic
Read MoreEmployment Agreements: A Comprehensive Guide to Contracts
Understanding Employment Contracts
An employment contract is an agreement where an individual performs services in exchange for remuneration.
Key Elements
- Worker: The individual who provides services under contract for a wage.
- Entrepreneur: The person or entity receiving the worker’s services.
Form of Employment Contract
The employment contract can be written or oral. Most contracts are written, including:
- Regular and permanent contracts
- Eventual contracts for production reasons
- Full-time contracts
Trial
Read MoreEmployment Contracts and Social Security in Spain
Employment Contracts in Spain
Contracts for Building Employment
- For People with Disabilities:
- Concept: The objective is the hiring of temporary workers with disabilities at a grade equal to or greater than 33% who are registered as unemployed at the Employment Office.
- Duration: Must be no less than 12 months and no more than 3 years.
- Incentives: The company is entitled to bonuses.
- Denouncement: Must be effected a minimum of 15 days in advance.
- Advance Replacement for Retirement:
- Concept: To replace workers
Requesting Time Off & Business Loan Application
Leave of Absence Request for Sister’s Wedding
Subject: Leave of Absence Request for Sister’s Wedding
Dear [Manager’s Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to request some time off work to attend my sister’s wedding, which is scheduled for the end of this month. As you know, family events are important, and I would like to be present to celebrate this special occasion with my sister and our entire family.
Duration of Leave:
I kindly request five working days off, starting from May 25th
Read MoreMotivation, Leadership, and Team Dynamics in HR
Motivation
Theories of Motivation:
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Five Levels)
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:
- Maintenance Factors (Prevent dissatisfaction)
- Motivation Factors (Presence stimulates)
Process Theories
- McGregor’s Theories:
- Theory X (Work is a source of suffering)
- Theory Y (Work is a source of job satisfaction)
- Expectancy Theory (Vroom): People think differently.
- Reinforcement Theory:
- Positive Reinforcement (Reward)
- Negative Reinforcement (Punishment)
Techniques and Motivation
- Job Enrichment:
- Variety
- Task
Organizational Structure: Departmentalization, Authority, and Communication
Departmentalization
Departmentalization is the grouping of jobs, tasks, processes, and resources into logical units to perform an operation within an organization.
The criteria for departmentalization are:
- Skill: The variety of talents required to complete a task. Work that requires initiative and creativity tends to be more skilled than work which is operational and repetitive.
- Autonomy: The extent to which the individual who performs a task has the freedom to plan and schedule the work program.
- Dimension: