Wood and Metals: Properties, Types, and Applications
Wood: A Natural Vegetable Material
Composition and Structure
Wood is a raw vegetable material obtained from the trunks and branches of trees. It is primarily composed of cellulose fibres (providing flexibility) and lignin (which makes it rigid and hard).
Technical Characteristics of Wood
- Density: Wood is generally a light material compared to metals or stone.
- Hardness: Resistance to scratching or indentation; varies greatly between wood types.
- Toughness: Ability to absorb shock or impact without breaking.
IoT Protocols: Modbus, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN & Cloud Platforms
Modbus Protocol Details
Answer:
Modbus is a serial communication protocol developed by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) in 1979 for industrial automation. It is used to connect electronic devices in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
Key Features of Modbus
- Works on a master-slave (client-server) architecture.
- Supports communication over serial lines (RS-232, RS-485) and TCP/IP networks.
- Uses function codes to read and write data from/to devices.
- Open-
Understanding Key Building Structures and Components
Building Structures
There are three main types of building structures:
- Solid structures: Use walls made of materials like bricks, blocks, or stone to support the building.
- Frame structures: Use horizontal beams and vertical pillars made of wood, metal, or concrete to support the building and are quicker to build.
- Combination structures: Use both solid walls and a frame.
Load-bearing masonry was once common because it is strong and looks nice, but it is slow and labor-intensive to build. Frame structures
Read MoreUnderstanding Hard Drives and Optical Drives: Storage Solutions
Hard Drives: Traditional Storage
The hard drive is the primary means of storing large amounts of information on a computer. It belongs to a type of memory called mass memory. Although significantly faster than other storage media, it has some disadvantages. External hard drives with USB, Firewire, or eSATA interfaces offer portability. However, even though an external hard drive is portable, it’s not always the best way to transport information because it’s composed of mobile and sensitive components
Read MoreHotel Engineering Systems: Water, Electrical, and More
Hotel Engineering Systems
1. Cold Water Supply System
From the aquifers, the pipes have specific pressure. Engineers know the pressure at each point, so when a hotel wants to connect to the public pipe, they can do so. Once connected, we add a counter that measures the water we receive. This water goes to a tank where it is kept. Then, water goes through a pump that sends it either to the base of the building (Constant Pressure System) or to the top (Gravity Fed System) to a tank from where the water
Read MoreUnderstanding Steam Power Plants: Components and Operation
Steam Power Plant
- The major components of this power plant are: (i) boiler, (ii) steam turbine, (iii) condenser, (iv) water feed pump, (v) electrical generator, (vi) cooling tower, etc.
- In a steam power plant, thermal energy is converted to electric energy.
- Water is supplied to the boiler through a feed water pump (1) from the water tank.
- The water in the boiler (4) is heated by transferring heat from the combustion of fossil fuel in the furnace. The boiler consists of an economizer (6) and a superheater