Understanding IoT Communication and Architectures
Request-Response Communication Details
Request-response communication is a fundamental interaction model in networked systems where a client sends a request to a server, and the server processes the request and sends back a response. This model is widely used in IoT, web services, APIs, and distributed computing.
How Request-Response Communication Works
- Client Sends a Request
- The client (such as a device, application, or user) sends a request to the server.
- The request contains specific information such
PC Form Factors and Power Supply Explained
PC Form Factors
XT Form Factor
Designed for the original IBM PC and its successors. These cases were primarily sold as desktops and were characterized by robust construction. Originally, they were quite large, as was their power supply, which had a power output of 63.5 W. Now obsolete.
AT Form Factor
It was a format similar to the XT, though there were key differences. For the first time, the power supply had the power button on the front. Cases began to be built in both desktop and tower formats, and
Read MoreCrane & Lifting Equipment Electrical Safety Requirements
Disconnect Switches and Contact Protection
Components must be marked with a label indicating they are protected against unintentional direct contact with live parts. If circuit disconnect switches pass through rings or busbars, they must be protected against direct contact with a minimum degree of protection of IP2X. Maintenance disconnects may be omitted if the emergency switches specified in section 4.2 are connected to the installation’s input supply. For a single crane installation, the main
Read MoreBicycle Parts Explained: Wheels, Chain, Pedals
Bicycle Wheels (Rims)
Bicycle rims are typically made of aluminum alloys and are quite flexible, resistant, and light. They have wheels that are stronger and heavier than road wheels, and feature a series of holes on the left and right where the heads of the spokes connect. These drill holes are protected to avoid puncturing the inner tube. Rims also often have a hand protector and a larger hole where the valve of the inner tube exits.
Inner Tubes and Valves
The main difference between valve types
Read MoreAir, Combustion, and Carburetor Function Explained
Air Composition and Combustion Basics
Air Composition
Air is a mixture of various gases. Its approximate volumetric composition is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% argon and other trace gases. For combustion analysis, this 1% portion (mainly argon) is often treated as nitrogen because it behaves similarly as an inert gas during the process.
The Combustion Process
The basic chemical reaction for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon (HC) fuel with oxygen (O2) is:
HC + O2 → H2O + CO2
Different air-
Read MoreNetwork Transmission Media Types and Cabling
Transmission Media
Transmission media is the physical support that facilitates the transport of information. Its quality depends on its characteristics.
Transmission media can be:
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Optical
- Electromagnetic
Note:
- The estimated investment for a cable installation should be around 6% of the total project cost.
- Approximately 70% of network problems are due to wiring faults.
Metallic Wiring Systems
Copper Cable
Copper cable is a common format for metallic wiring systems.
Advantages:
- Simple and