Cyber Technology, Network Security, Cyber Law and Cryptography
Cyber Technology: Definition and Components
Definition
Cyber technology refers to the use of computer systems, networks, software, and the Internet to create, store, process, transmit, and protect digital information. It forms the technological foundation of activities performed in cyberspace.
Explanation
Cyber technology enables communication, data sharing, online services, and digital transactions over interconnected networks. It supports modern applications such as e-commerce, e-governance, online
Read MoreElectrical Load Calculation and Wiring Types
UNIT-5
1.3. Problems on Energy Consumption Calculation
A house has the following electrical load for January (31 days):
- (a) Lamps: 5 lamps of 60 W each, working 8 hours per day.
- (b) Lamps: 4 lamps of 100 W each, working 8 hours per day.
- (c) Heaters: 2 heaters of 1000 W each, working 3 hours per day.
- (d) Fans: 5 fans of 80 W each, working 12 hours per day.
Calculate the January month energy bill if the rate of charge is Rs. 0.50 per unit (kWh) and add Rs. 10 as meter rent per month.
Solution:
Given Data:
- (
Fundamentals of Technology and Basic Electronics
1. What Is Technology?
Technology is the application of knowledge and skills to solve problems and satisfy human needs.
Technology helps people create objects and systems that make life easier, such as machines, tools, transport, and communication devices.
Technology uses:
- Scientific and technical knowledge
- Technical skills
- Technical drawings
- Computers
- Economic factors (costs and prices)
2. Stages of Technological Projects
A technological project follows these stages:
- Needs – Identify a problem or need.
- Ideas
Mechanical Design Methodology and Morphology Principles
Design Methodology
Definition:
Design methodology is a systematic and structured approach used by engineers to convert a need or problem into a working and efficient mechanical system. It involves a sequence of steps such as identifying the problem, conceptualizing ideas, analyzing alternatives, and developing the final design.
Explanation:
In mechanical engineering, design methodology helps in achieving reliable, cost-effective, and innovative solutions. It ensures that all aspects like functionality,
Semiconductor Manufacturing, Packaging and Materials Processes
C6: Manufacturing & Packaging Processes
Organizational Overview of Semiconductor Manufacturing
- IDM (Integrated Device Manufacturer): Handles the entire flow.
- Fabless: Semiconductor design-centric operations.
- Foundry: Wafer manufacturing-centric operations.
- OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test): Specializes in packaging and testing semiconductors and wafers.
Basic Si Wafer Production Processes
Polycrystalline Silicon > Crystal Growth > Single Crystal Silicon Ingot > Crystal
Read MoreMarine Steam and Gas Turbine Systems: Key Parameters and Configurations
Marine Steam Turbine Fundamentals
1. Typical Parameters of a Marine Steam Turbine
- Power output
- Steam pressure and temperature
- Rotational speed
- Condenser vacuum
2. Main Propulsion Steam Turbine System Configuration
The flow path is: Boiler → Turbine → Condenser → Feed Pumps → Boiler.
3. Multistage Steam Turbine Necessity
Multistage operation is required because gradual steam expansion increases efficiency and reduces energy losses.
4. Ship’s Astern Steam Turbine Configuration
An astern turbine is typically
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