History and Evolution of Special Education: From Segregation to Inclusion
History of Special Education
Early Pioneers and Shifting Paradigms
Pinel (1745), known for his treatise on insanity, and Esquirol (1782), who differentiated mental illness from mental retardation, laid the groundwork for understanding individuals with disabilities. Itard (1774) and Seguin (1812) pioneered educational approaches for individuals with disabilities, influencing figures like Binet and Simon, who developed intelligence testing, and Montessori and Decroly, who contributed to teaching methodologies
Read MoreSecond Language Acquisition Theories and Approaches
METHOD | Learning Theory | Language Theory | Teacher’s Role | Student’s Role | Activity Type |
GRAMMAR TRANSLATION | Deductive learning is essential. First, the teacher gives rules explicitly, then the rules are reinforced with examples and exercises. | Language is for understanding literature. Translation is the way to learn the language. Oral communication is not primarily important. Written language is superior to spoken language. | The teacher is the strict authority. Classes are teacher-centered. | Students are passive |
Uniqlo Supervisor Interview: Mayra’s Candidacy and Development
1. Introduction:
My name is Mayra, and I joined Uniqlo Serrano in September 2019 as part of the team opening the Madrid store. I have been working as a supervisor since February 2022, specifically overseeing the kids’ section since the store relocated to Serrano.
2. Reason for Interview:
I am here today because I successfully passed the initial stage of the interview process and am excited to delve deeper into my qualifications and experiences.
3. Candidacy for Assistant Store Manager:
I believe I am
Read MoreEssential Listening and Speaking Skills for Effective Communication
TEMA 1: Listening as an Interactive Process
1) Strategies for Effective Listening
Effective listening involves a combination of strategies that draw upon various competencies:
- Linguistic Competence: Recognizing elements of the language system, including vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure.
- Discourse Competence: Understanding discourse markers and how they connect parts of a text.
- Sociolinguistic Competence: Knowledge about different types of inputs and their usual structure and content.
- Strategic
Second Language Acquisition Theories and Approaches
Traditional Approach (1970s-1980s)
Key figures: Chomsky, Krashen, Van Patten
Focus: Linguistics, second language acquisition, interlanguage development
Key concepts: Null subject, intake, input, output, interlanguage metaphor
Sociocultural Approach (1990s)
Key figures: Kramsch, Vygotsky, Lantolf, Wertsch
Focus: Education, learning, development, sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors
Key concepts: Zone of Proximal Development, sociocultural theory, symbolic competence
Multiple Literacies Framework
Communication
- Interpersonal:
Age and Second Language Acquisition: Exploring the Critical Period Hypothesis
Age as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition
Route of Acquisition
The stages of language acquisition remain consistent regardless of age or first language (L1). Everyone follows the same developmental path.
Acquisition Process
Children tend to learn languages implicitly and unconsciously, while adults engage in more explicit and conscious learning. However, implicit learning continues after puberty, and explicit learning plays a role in childhood language acquisition as well.
Rate of Acquisition
While
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