Industrial Disputes Act 1947: Key Provisions and Concepts
Award
Section 2(b) of the Act defines an award as an interim or final determination of an industrial dispute by a labor court, industrial tribunal, or national tribunal, including an arbitration award. Awards must be in writing, signed by the presiding officer, and published in the Official Gazette. While the legality of an award can be challenged in the High Court, it becomes enforceable 30 days after publication.
Public Utility Service
Section 2(n) defines a public utility service as:
- Railway or air
Proposal for a Foreign Student Speaking Program
Introduction
This proposal outlines a program to enhance the oral language skills of foreign students at our university.
Reasons for Developing a Program
Foreign students often possess strong written language skills but lack opportunities for spoken practice. This program aims to bridge that gap and facilitate their integration into the university community.
Proposed Speaking Program
The program will encourage interaction between foreign and native-speaking students through:
- Regular, structured sessions
Essential English Language Teaching (ELT) Terminology
1. Key Definitions
This section defines important terms used in ELT:
- Cohesion: How spoken or written texts are connected using logical grammar or lexis (e.g., conjunctions, lexical sets, referring words).
- Collocation: Words frequently used together, either grammatically (e.g., “depend on”) or lexically (e.g., “make a plan”).
- Compound Word: Two or more words combined to form a new word with a distinct meaning.
- Denotation: The literal meaning of a word.
- Functional Approach: Teaching method based on language
Language Learning and Constructivism in Education
Chapter 4: Understanding Language Learning
Natural Language Acquisition
Children effortlessly acquire their native language through unconscious exposure. Adults, however, may face challenges with pronunciation and grammar that younger learners do not. Factors such as motivation, perceived difficulty, and limited opportunities to use the language can hinder adult language learning.
Similarities in Language Learning Experiences
Both children and adults learning a new language outside the classroom share
Read MoreBusiness Letter Writing Guide: Format, Types, and Tips
The Importance of Business Letters in the Market
Business letters are essential for various purposes, including offering services, placing orders, providing information, and making complaints. They are formal documents that should always be typed.
Basic Principles of Business Letter Writing
- Clarity: The letter should be easy to understand, using formal vocabulary while avoiding jargon.
- Precision: Key points should be clearly stated and well-organized.
- Concision: Avoid unnecessary words and phrases, keeping
Motivation and Language Learning: Effective Techniques and Methods
Motivation and Language Learning
Understanding Motivation
Motivation is the driving force behind goal-oriented activities, playing a crucial role in foreign language learning. There are two main types of motivation:
- Intrinsic Motivation: This comes from within, driven by the enjoyment of the task itself or the satisfaction of accomplishment.
- Extrinsic Motivation: This comes from external factors, such as rewards or grades.
Effective Techniques for Language Learning
To enhance language learning, various
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