Understanding Probability, Distributions, and Statistical Analysis
Understanding Probability
The probability of a given event may be defined as the numerical value given to the likelihood of the occurrence of that event. It is a number lying between ‘0’ and ‘1’. ‘0’ denotes the event which cannot occur, and ‘1’ denotes the event which is certain to occur. For example, when we toss a coin, we can enumerate all the possible outcomes (head and tail), but we cannot say which one will happen.
Permutations
Permutation means arrangement of objects in a definite
Read MoreEpidemiology: Key Concepts and Measures
Proportion: Numerator is always a subset of the denominator; dimensionless (0 to 1 or 0% to 100%).
Rates: Describe changes in one quantity per unit of time. Unit = 1/time. Range (0-infinity).
Risk
Proportion | Dimensionless (can be expressed as a percent) | Appropriate for fixed populations with minimal losses to follow-up because we assume everyone was followed for a specific period.
- New Cases: Numerator. New, non-existing cases. For diseases that can occur more than once, it is the first occurrence
Statistics Essentials: Stem Plots, Quartiles, Correlation
Stem Plots
To make a stem plot:
- Separate each observation into a stem (all but the final digit) and a leaf (the final digit). Stems may have as many digits as needed, but each leaf contains only a single digit.
- Write the stems in a vertical column with the smallest at the top, and draw a vertical line to the right of this column. Include all stems needed to span the data, even with no leaves.
- Write each leaf in the row to the right of its stem, in increasing order out from the stem.
Quartiles and Interquartile
Read MoreData Attributes and Similarity Measures: Exercises
Data Attributes Classification and Analysis
Exercise 1: Attribute Types
Classify the following attributes as binary, discrete, or continuous. Also, classify them as qualitative (nominal or ordinal) or quantitative (interval or ratio). Briefly indicate your reasoning if there may be some ambiguity.
- Time in terms of AM or PM.
Binary, qualitative, ordinal. - Brightness as measured by a light meter.
Continuous, quantitative, ratio. - Brightness as measured by people’s judgments.
Discrete, qualitative, ordinal.
Statistical Measures: Location, Variance, and Probability
Measures of Location
Minimum: Smallest number in the data set.
Maximum: Largest number in the data set.
Median: The middle number, or the average of the two middle numbers if the data set has an even number of values.
Mean: The average of all numbers in the data set.
Mode: The most frequent number. A data set can have multiple modes.
Quartiles
First Quartile (Q1): The median of the lower half of the data.
Third Quartile (Q3): The median of the upper half of the data.
Measures of Variance
Range: Maximum –
Read MoreAccounting, Studies, Experiments, Distribution, and Intervals
Fund Accounting
Fund accounting is a method of accounting used by a nonprofit organization that illustrates accountability, rather than profitability. In a business, you want to know how much was spent, how much was earned, and how much was left over. With a nonprofit, you want to know these things, but you also want to make sure that the money you have, receive, and spend is allocated for the proper purpose. Fund accounting is very detailed and can get confusing, but ultimately it is the most accurate
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