Adobe Photoshop Fundamentals: Raster Graphics and Image Editing

Posted by on Jan 4, 2026 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

1. Graphics Fundamentals

Graphics are visual representations used to communicate ideas, messages, or data.

  • Types of Graphics

    • Raster: Pixel-based images (e.g., photos).
    • Vector: Mathematical path-based images (e.g., logos).
  • Uses: Branding, advertising, web design, UI/UX, and digital art.
  • Software: Adobe Photoshop (Raster), Adobe Illustrator (Vector), CorelDRAW, Canva, and Figma.
FeatureRaster GraphicsVector Graphics
CompositionPixels (colored squares)Mathematical paths/anchors
ScalabilityBecomes “pixelated”
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Essential Web Technologies: HTML Structure and JavaScript Functions

Posted by on Jan 1, 2026 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

HTML: Web Page Structure

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create the structure of web pages. It is not a programming language; rather, it is a markup language that tells the web browser how to display content like text, images, and links.

It uses a system of tags (keywords enclosed in angle brackets like <html>) to wrap around content and give it meaning.

1. <h1> to <h6> (Heading Tags)

These tags are used to define headings on a page. <h1> is

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Software Quality Assurance: Defect Management and Metrics

Posted by on Dec 30, 2025 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

Steps in Defect Management Process

  1. Defect Prevention

    Defects are prevented in the early stages of development. The main goal is to find and fix issues before they appear in later stages. Root cause analysis is done to stop similar defects from happening again.

  2. Deliverable Baseline

    When a software version is stable and ready for testing, it becomes the “baseline.” Future changes and tests are done based on this baseline.

  3. Defect Discovery

    Defects are found during testing. Steps:

    • Find defect – Identify
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Software Testing Concepts: STLC, Bug Life Cycle & Metrics

Posted by on Dec 28, 2025 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

Input Domain Testing

The input domain of a program is the set of all possible inputs that it can accept. Since testing every single input is impossible, input domain testing is used to partition the input space into manageable subsets, ensuring effective test coverage.

Explanation:

  1. Input domain testing is a black-box testing technique.
  2. Inputs are divided into equivalence classes (valid and invalid).
  3. Testers choose representative values from each class.
  4. Special focus is given to boundary values, since
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wsasasdas

Posted by on Dec 20, 2025 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

It  gives a common checklist and language for quality (like usability, reliability, security), so teams set clear goals. It breaks each into measurable sub-points, which guide design and testing. Result: better coverage, fewer surprises, and software built and verified against the right qualities.

Apache Ant, it improves Maintainability → Modifiability because the build logic lives in one XML file that’s easy to change, and Portability → Installability because scripted one-command builds make

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Core Concepts in Software Testing and Code Quality

Posted by on Dec 1, 2025 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

Graphs and Cyclomatic Complexity

A graph is a structure composed of nodes (also called vertices) and the connections between them, known as edges or arcs. They are used to represent relationships between elements.

Graph Types

  • Directed: Connections have a specific direction (e.g., A → B).
  • Undirected: Connections have no specific direction (e.g., A – B).

McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity

Cyclomatic complexity measures the number of linearly independent paths through a program’s source code. This metric helps

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