Constitutional Court Rulings on Language Models in Education
The Constitution’s silence on the school language model has allowed the Constitutional Court to rule in favor of two approaches. The special nature of this matter and the different socio-linguistic circumstances of the “bilingual territories” of Spain would not make it appropriate to exchange these formulas and apply a single solution across the country. Different linguistic realities cannot have unique solutions.
Not in all cases of language contact is it desirable or possible to pursue integration
Read MoreSpanish Restoration: Political Stability, Social Conflicts, and Literary Response
The Spanish Restoration: A Period of Transformation
The return of the monarchy ushered in a new era of political stability, characterized by a power-sharing dynamic between two prominent leaders, Cánovas and Sagasta. This system initially fostered stability, growth, and international engagement, allowing Spain to regain some standing in Europe. However, this progress also led to increased urbanization, industrial expansion in Catalonia and the Basque Country, and a rise in social conflicts.
Social
Read MoreThree Schools of Thought on Democracy’s Rise
1. Modernization Theory
This theory posits that economic development leads to democracy. Key aspects of this development include:
- Free Market
- Secularization
- Urbanization
- Industrialization
Democracy is seen as a result of social and economic modernization, which spreads globally due to globalization.
Seymour Martin Lipset, in his seminal 1959 work “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” argued that modernization is a universal experience. As the world modernizes,
Read MoreUnderstanding Administrative Acts and Secondary Statistical Sources
The sources of administrative acts are exhaustive, providing information on all the specific administrative acts made, not a sample or part of the total data. The National Institute of Statistics (INE) provides sources with records of deaths, causes of death, etc. However, as its aim is not to produce knowledge, little additional information is collected that could help explain the reported administrative act itself, making this analysis difficult. For example, registering a death is an administrative
Read MoreCultural Welfare and Social Policies in Education
Cultural Welfare
Cultural welfare aims to create a collective consciousness of human coexistence, built from the amalgamation of principles (liberty, equality, justice, pluralism) and linked to improving the quality of life and common welfare. It has three basic elements:
- Universal guarantee of minimum welfare
- Recognition of full rights and freedoms
- Commitment to joint and several liabilities
There are three socio-political challenges:
- Prosperity is not possible without education
- Overcoming the handouts
Globalization: Impact, Culture, and Market Entry
Chapter 3: Globalization
Defining Globalization
- Globalization: The flow of goods and services, money, and knowledge across countries.
- Friedman: “The integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before – in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before.”
- Yergin & Stanislaw: “A process marked by accelerating integration of national economies through the growing