State Elements: Territory and Population Defined
Territory: The Physical Element of the State
Territory is the “physical element” of the state, its material support. This is a portion of land area (the “floor”) and the area of airspace that belongs to it under the laws of international law. It also includes the subsoil, inland waters, rivers and seas, as well as warships, aircraft, and diplomatic missions abroad.
The territory is defined by three characteristics:
- Unity: The territory is one from a political point of view, but it does not necessarily
State Transformation: Globalization, Technology, and Supranationalism
The State and Globalization
Factors influencing the transformation of the traditional State:
- Globalization of the economy: Capital flows across borders.
- Widespread use of new information technologies: Networks circulate information in real-time.
Globalization has created a global system that integrates states. States have reached agreements and supranational organizations have been created, assuming a portion of state sovereignty. States agree to implement decisions within their territory.
The European
Read MoreDemocratic and Undemocratic States: A Comparative Analysis
Democratic and Undemocratic States
Democratic States
Monarchies and Republics
Some states are democratic parliamentary monarchies. In these states, the highest authority is the King, but the sovereignty of the people is recognized. Other democratic countries are parliamentary republics. In these states, the functions of the Head of State are performed by the President of the Republic, who is elected by the citizenry. The state government is in the hands of the Prime Minister.
Liberal and Social States
- Liberal:
Impact of Globalization, Capitalism, and Modernity
Globalization
Globalization is the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate worldwide. It is the process of the world becoming a single place, involving international integration and the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. It includes interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations through international trade and investment. This process has
Read MorePublic Administration: Roles, Coordination, and External Influences
Scope of Decision in Public Administration
The scope of decision in public administration encompasses central public administration, regional and local governments, specialized agencies (such as the Central Bank), and public enterprises (e.g., RNE, TVE, Mail). These entities are staffed by civil servants and contract staff. Public administration maintains a stable structure over time, regardless of changes in government. Their roles in policy include:
- Providing information to the government and parliament
- Analyzing
Labor Movement and Social Uprisings in 19th Century Spain
The Birth of the Labor Movement
In the 1820s, Luddism emerged as the first expression of rebellion against the introduction of machinery in the workplace. Workers blamed machines for job losses and decreased wages. In 1821, workers burned down a mechanical workshop in Alcoy, and in 1835, the Bonaplata factory in Barcelona was set on fire. Soon, workers realized that their problems were not caused by the machines themselves, but by the working conditions imposed by the factory owners. They began to
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