Physical Education in Brazil: Historical Approaches and Modern Concepts
Physical Education in Schools
Physical education schools teach: gambling, gymnastics, dance, fights, and sports.
Historical Context and Emergence of New Conceptions (Post-1980)
The introduction of physical education in Brazil occurred in 1851 with the reform of Couto Ferraz. Despite its early introduction, physical education suffered prejudice from the start.
Hygienic Militarism
The focus during this period was on hygienism, emphasizing hygiene and health. It valued physical and moral development through
Read MoreSocietal Structures: Status, Roles, and Group Dynamics
Social Interaction Systems: Status and Roles
Every society is a form of organization, a set of rules of conduct that define relations between its members. Some sociologists use the term “social interaction systems” to refer to the multiple relationships that occur between members of a society. While other beings also live in groups, dependent on the order established by nature, humans create their own forms of social organization based on rules that assign each member a specific role: roles and status.
Read MoreSocial Institutions: Foundations of Human Society
Social Institutions: Foundations of Society
Social institutions are fundamental structures created by human beings from social relationships within society. An institution is defined as an organized system of social relationships that embodies common values and procedures, meeting basic societal needs. These culturally approved patterns of behavior include prescribed roles and procedures, grouped to satisfy essential social requirements.
Major Categories of Social Institutions
Social institutions can
Read MoreState, Nation, Nationalism, and Political Systems Defined
The Concept of the State
Definition of the State
The State is an organization exercising power over a group of people in a given territory.
Origin of the State
Its origin dates back to the modern era when kings began to centralize power through:
- A standing army
- Bureaucracy
- Diplomacy
Classes of States
- Uninational: When a state coincides with a single nation.
- Plurinational: When a state encompasses several nations.
Elements of a State
- Group of People: The population over whom power is exercised.
- Territory: The
Understanding Social Movements: Theories and Dynamics
A social movement is a collective, organized effort to promote or resist change in society. Herbert Blumer defines it as “a collective enterprise seeking to establish a new order of life,” arising from unrest and driven by hopes for a better system.
Major Theories of Social Movements
Understanding why and how these movements emerge and function is explained through various theories:
1. Deprivation Theory
This theory suggests that social movements arise when people feel deprived of something they
Read MoreUnderstanding Popular Culture: Media, Consumerism, and Critical Theory
Popular Culture: Defining Human Connection
Popular culture is the way humanity relates to the world, encompassing everything we do, think, and value.
The Plurality of Culture
Plurality expresses, first of all, an accumulation of human experiences that is our shared heritage. It teaches us different ways to be social and to create the future. Its main feature is that people are the origin and end of its production; it is made by and for the people. It is through this plurality that a group constructs
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