Liberalism: Core Principles, Evolution, and Modern Challenges
Liberalism, as an economic and political idea, centers on individual freedom, a limited role for government, and the importance of the market. Liberals believe individuals act in their self-interest, which, through competition, benefits society. They emphasize individual rights, market efficiency, and are wary of excessive government power. Economic freedom, such as the freedom to choose a job, is crucial. Markets efficiently allocate resources based on consumer demand, while competition ensures
Read MoreLinguistic Freedom and Co-official Languages in Spain
The Integration of Languages
The integration also means that the public authorities have a duty to provide citizens with the ability to exercise their rights. The rule of law, which embodies the powers that have the civilizing mission of providing peace and linguistic and cultural coexistence, cannot be a source of conflict, discrimination, and division. Thus, their obligation is to serve that objective, using all legal and political resources in their power to help “revive a sense of linguistic
Read MoreMusicology: History, Methods, and Reception
**Different Approaches to Musicology**
Musicology has encompassed various interdependent conceptions:
- Activity: Emphasis on precise, rigorous, and scientific application of methods in historical musicology. Historical musicology has been included in the quadrivium, suggesting that musicological methods are quantitative and similar to scientific methodologies. As a science and recent discipline, musicology arises in connection with the modern spirit and with the emergence of scientific methods.
- Area
Understanding Social Institutions and Human Behavior
Institutionalization
Our behavior is regulated. The set of guidelines that govern our behavior in a specific area are institutions (family, education, etc.). Political institutions, taking into account the premature underdevelopment of instinct, man has a dependence on institutions. They are the substitution for the lack of instinct; they tell us how to live. Institutions were closely connected to the typing (roles) and routines. Institutions may change but not disappear; a society cannot live without
Read MoreEnglish Language Teaching in Chile: Research and Findings
| Title/Year | Author | Problem | Method of Data Collection | Subjects | Results/Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Dad in the Che Guevara T-shirt: Narratives of Chilean English Teachers 2008 | Julia Menard-Warwick | Student resistance to English Language Teaching based on the connection between ELT and global capitalism. | 1. Researcher observed many classes of different teachers in some universities in Chile. 2. The researcher interviewed many teachers but focused on two stories:
| English |
Historical Materialism: Economic and Social Development
Historical Materialism
Historical materialism, as understood in Marxism, holds that history is a consequence of the dialectical development of economic and social infrastructure. This is because the facts and engine of the evolution of humanity are economic relationships. These relationships give rise to social classes and the infrastructure that determines the formation of a superstructure, consisting of ethics, culture, religion, and the legal system. According to Marx, the ideology of an epoch
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