Realist and Naturalist Novel: Key Features
Philosophical Issues
Positivism
Positivism focuses on observable facts, setting aside speculative constructs inherent in idealism. Auguste Comte (1798-1857), in his Course of Positive Philosophy (1830-1842), emphasized observing phenomena and identifying the laws governing their behavior, rather than seeking ultimate causes.
Marxist Philosophy
The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels was published in 1848. In 1847, Marx began publishing Capital. Marxist philosophy aims not only to interpret the world
Read MoreKant and the Enlightenment: Historical and Sociocultural Context
Historical Background
Kant was born in 1724 and died in 1804. The 18th century began with international conflicts over succession, such as the Spanish Crown, which pitted the European powers against each other. After thirteen years of hostilities, the Austrian Succession War arose in 1740. Britain and France were the main players in this conflict, seeking to improve their economies, expand their territories, and achieve greater hegemony.
This led to two major events of the time: the independence of
Read MoreEmpowering Communities: Organizational Practices in Social Intervention
Empowering Communities Through Organizational Practices
1. A Practice for Engaging Organizational Populations in Improving Their Living Conditions
Community Work must be differentiated from other practices that do not have the organizational hub of the population or the formation of a group around a Community Work comunitario. The project builds on the concept of self; without an autonomous collective subject, one cannot talk about Community Work comunitaria. The action or actions that professionals
Read MoreIdeology and Language: How Words Shape Our Worldview
Ideology’s Dependence on Language
The ideology depends on the language: “By ideology we mean the set of reflections and refractions in the human brain in social and natural reality, which he expresses and fixed by the word” (Bakhtin, 1929). Ideology is an articulated system of ideas expressed by words. For example, understanding the circumstances of a worker who works 12 hours a day without education, security, and is underpaid… These experiences translate into reality as an abstract concept that
Read MoreAtatürk’s Reforms and Western Influence in Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a distinguished army officer, founded the independent Republic of Turkey from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. He served as Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938, enacting reforms that rapidly secularized and westernized the nation. As a result, practicing religion in public became difficult and problematic. In his efforts to modernize the country, Mustafa implemented Kemalism (also known as the “Six Arrows”).
These six principles were:
- Republicanism
- Statism
Philosophical Systems: Positivism, Materialism, and Idealism
Positivism is a theoretical attitude that holds that true knowledge is scientific knowledge. It is characterized by its critical attitude towards traditional philosophy, especially metaphysics. Positivism also states that to be scientific, it is therefore true to principles phenomenalism orientativos. The rule (the reality is manifested in phenomena, and the negation of belief in an essence beyond what we see) the rule of nominalism (rule requiring to give value judgments and normative statements)
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