Understanding Michael Walzer’s Spheres of Justice & Communitarianism
Michael Walzer and Spheres of Justice
Communitarianism
Inspired by the “paradigm of the community,” communitarianism questions the foundations of the liberal universalist project. It posits that individuals are shaped by their history and social context, unlike the abstract, transcendental subject often assumed in liberal thought. Liberalism acknowledges the difficulty of providing a universal ethical justification, prioritizing justice over virtue.
Purpose of Justice in the Liberal Tradition
The liberal
Read MoreUnderstanding Socialization: Stages, Agents, and Groups
Understanding the Socialization Process
The socialization process is the means by which humans become integrated into society from birth. This occurs initially through family, then school, friends, and later through affiliations with formal and informal groups. It’s the psychological process by which an individual becomes part of a culture.
Culture is understood as a relatively integrated system of ideas, values, attitudes, ethics, and lifestyles, exhibiting stability within a society. Culture influences
Read More19th Century Labor Movement: Origins and Evolution
The Labor Movement in the 19th Century
In the 19th century, many people worked in jobs with poor conditions, often enduring long hours, such as six and a half days per week. A key aspiration of the working class was to improve these appalling conditions, particularly fighting for an eight-hour workday and abolishing child labor. This history is often overlooked in American history. The Labor Movement in the United States began almost alongside industry itself, initially resembling guilds. However,
Read MoreStructural and Social Uses of Discourse Analysis
If the informal use of discourse analysis is essentially the time in which the discourse takes to count words, the essential structural use is the permanence or invariance combining relational logic and gives meaning to words and/or propositions put together in speech.
The main idea of structural use of discourse analysis is to know the code or set of relational rules mandating any text. Collect synthetically different languages from which subjects express ourselves through objects:
- System (Elements
Industrial Revolution: Demographic and Social Transformations
Demographic and Social Transformations During the Industrial Revolution
The economic shifts during the Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the social structure. Key phenomena included:
European Population Growth
The European population increased due to sustained high birth rates and a significant reduction in mortality. This growth was more pronounced in urban areas.
Urbanization
Cities expanded rapidly, driven by immigration from rural areas and abroad. This rapid urbanization often occurred
Read MoreDemocracy: Ancient Greece, Elitism, and Participation
Definition of Democracy
The word Democracy means ‘government of the people’. In a democratic society, government is by a majority of elected representatives. However, there are differing views on the limits of this majority rule. Some believe the majority should govern without restriction, while others believe it should be limited. The legitimacy of democracy as a political order is not enough to determine the sovereignty of a country.
The Roots in Ancient Greece
In the 6th century BC, government was
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