Understanding Communication Theories: From Mass Media to Social Systems
Communication Theories
Widespread Theories
Theories that are more widespread focus on what to study and how, forming the basis for communication research.
Polarization and Manipulation
Polarization occurs in vague and indefinite contexts, sometimes leading to manipulation. Study focuses on the inherent relations between social systems and mass communication (MC).
Knowledge Production and Distribution
The production, reproduction, and distribution of knowledge are key aspects of information dissemination.
Read MoreKey Economic Partnerships: APEC, EU, ASEAN & More
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)
APEC is a forum that promotes economic cooperation and free trade among its member economies in the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1989 and consists of 21 member economies, including Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Russia, the United States, and many countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. APEC aims to facilitate economic growth, trade, investment, and sustainable development through dialogue, policy coordination, and regional economic integration.
Read MoreSociocultural Theory: Learning and Development
Sociocultural Theory of Development and Learning
Human nature is the result of the internalization of socially guided cultural experience handed down from generation to generation (Vygotsky).
Education is the central process of humanization, and the school is the main laboratory in which to study the cultural dimension, specifically human development.
The practical purpose of psychology is the improvement of society through the improvement of education. The social dimension acquires a fundamental character
Read MoreEU Social Policies: Family, Gender Equality & Environment
EU Strategies for an Aging Population and Gender Equality
To cope with the aging population, the EU strategy promotes solidarity between generations, primarily through the European Alliance for Families. This Alliance seeks to foster the exchange of experiences and establish partnerships between states committed to modernizing their family policies. The primary tools include:
- A group of government experts on demographic issues
- A biennial forum
- An observatory of best practices
Gender Equality
Equality
Read MoreFederico Etxebarria’s Speech: Spain, Germany, and Iron Industries in 1893
Federico Etxebarria’s Speech on Spain and Germany (1893)
This text is a transcription of a speech made to complain about a possible agreement between Spain and Germany. The speaker, Federico Etxebarria, was a Biscayan industrialist in the iron industry. The speech was delivered in December 1893 and published in 1894, making it a primary source document.
Historical Context: The Restoration Settlement
The speech occurred during the Restoration period, a politically challenging time. Spain was a monarchy
Read MoreFirst-Order Logic: Assertions, Queries, and Models
Elaborate Assertions and Queries in First-Order Logic
Sentences are added to a knowledge base using TELL, exactly as in propositional logic. Such sentences are called assertions. For example, we can assert that John is a king, Richard is a person, and all kings are persons:
TELL(KB, King(John)).
TELL(KB, Person(Richard)).
TELL(KB, ∀x King(x) ⇒ Person(x)).
We can ask questions of the knowledge base using ASK. For example:
ASK(KB, King(John))
The query returns true. Questions asked with ASK are called
Read More