Spain’s Accession to the European Union: 1986
Spain’s Integration into the European Union
This text, intended for the general public, examines the political process of Spain’s integration into the European Union (EU). The author, Professor Marroyo Sanchez, Director of the Department of History at the University of Extremadura and author of numerous historical books, details the key events culminating in Spain’s signing of the Adhesion Treaty on June 12, 1985. This signature initiated a period of significant adaptation, particularly within Spain’
Read MoreUS Hegemony: Constraints, Operations, and Power Dynamics
Constraints on American Hegemony
The most significant constraints to American hegemony lie within the core of hegemony itself:
- Institutional Architecture: The American state’s three branches of government place significant checks on the executive branch’s unrestrained use of military power.
- Open Society: American society’s open nature and the mass media create deep skepticism regarding government actions, acting as a long-term constraint on overseas military actions.
- NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty
Understanding Sociology: Social Relations and Historical Context
Object of Sociology
Sociology deals with society as a system of social relations. Society shapes individuals just as individuals shape society’s narrative.
According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the social world consists of objective structures that exist independently of individual consciousness and willingness. These structures guide or coerce practices and representations.
People often act based on “common sense,” incorporating established values without fully considering the consequences
Read MoreBlack Deaf Americans: Education, Culture, and History
Citizenship and Education: The Black Deaf Community
Key Amendments:
- 13th (1865): Abolished slavery.
- 14th (1868): Defined citizenship for all born in the U.S.
- 15th (1870): Prohibited racial discrimination in voting.
Education Barriers for Black Deaf Americans:
Slavery laws prohibited education for all Black people, including Black Deaf individuals, with severe punishment for those caught learning to read or write.
After the Civil War, education was provided for freed slaves through efforts like the Freedmen’
Read MoreUnderstanding Culture: Key Concepts and Definitions
Understanding Culture: Key Concepts
Culture: Encompasses everything created by humans, both material and spiritual (immaterial).
Culture includes: language, religion, myths, oral traditions, literature, poetry, music, dances, folklore, crafts, and industrial production (factories, roads, buildings, cities, etc.).
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism: While celebrating cultural diversity and difference, it often overlooks the conflicts and contradictions arising from ethno-social inequalities.
Example: Canada
Read MoreSociology Concepts: Justice, Culture, Associations, and More
Social Justice
Social justice refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society. It involves promoting equality, challenging discrimination, and addressing the root causes of social inequalities.
Key Principles of Social Justice
- Equality: Ensuring that all individuals have equal access to resources, opportunities, and services.
- Fairness: Promoting fairness and impartiality in the distribution of resources and opportunities.
- Human Rights: Protecting