Naturalism in Literature: Origins, Impact, and Spanish Adaptation
Naturalism: An Introduction
Naturalism is a literary trend stemming from Realism, pioneered by Émile Zola. Zola aimed to align literature with the hypothetical-deductive method of experimental positivist science prevalent at the time.
According to Zola, Naturalism asserts that literature should approach reality using methods similar to experimental science. This involves observation, experimentation, and an objective presentation of facts, incorporating data from scientific studies of nature, biology,
Read MoreHuman Rights: Procedures, R2P, Migrants, Abortion, and Security Council Reform
Special Procedures
Independent human rights experts are appointed to advise on specific human rights themes. Key elements include promotion and protection of human rights. A critical role is played by independent and impartial Special Rapporteurs.
- Country visits:
- Assess the human rights situation.
- Meet with people.
- Study institutional and judicial policy frameworks.
- Report first to the country, then to the Human Rights Council (HRC), with findings and recommendations.
Venezuelan National Armed Forces: Functions and Environmental Impact
Venezuelan National Armed Forces (FAN)
The FAN is an organization created by the state to ensure the independence and sovereignty of the nation.
Functions:
- Secure control of spaces that permit the circulation of people and goods.
- Promote and conduct research and development contributing to the nation.
- Organize and direct the operations of the intelligence system, including counterintelligence.
Ethical Functions:
Members of the FAN base their moral heritage on thought and ethical values, propelled by humanism.
Read MoreWomen in School Leadership: Challenges and Opportunities
It is widely acknowledged that leadership is a cornerstone of effective school organization. Research highlights key themes such as the current profile of school directors, leadership styles and activities, training, crisis management, and the evaluation of leadership roles.
The Feminization of Teaching
Teaching is often considered a feminized profession, possibly due to the historical association of women with caregiving roles, both at home and in the workplace. The significant contributions of women
Read MoreSocial Structure and the Role of Women in 19th Century Spain
Social Relations and Liberalism
With the triumph of liberal revolutions, a social model based on the principles of liberalism emerged. A new dynamic arose where merit and capacity were the determinants of social promotion. There was a clear correlation between economic development and social mobility. Most industrialized countries multiplied the opportunities for social mobility through educational and training networks available to all. These changes were not so evident in societies that retained
Read MorePolitical Systems and Ideologies: A Comparison
Political Systems and Ideologies
A political system is an independent body that rules over a population.
- Polis: The original system that appears in Ancient history, is based on a city and an imprecise area of influence.
- Modern state: The original system that appears in the Middle Ages, is based on a limited territory.
- Empire: A group of peoples subdued by force by one member of the group.
- Confederation: An association of sovereign peoples united by agreements.
- State: A sovereign coactive power over a