Evolution of Scientific Knowledge: Popper, Kuhn, Feyerabend, Lakatos
According to Popper, the contrast of a theory and its conclusions must pass the following stages:
- Logical comparison of findings.
- Study of the logical form of a theory to determine its character.
- Comparison with theories to see if the theory will be considered a scientific breakthrough if it survives different contrasts.
- Contrasting the empirical application of the conclusions drawn from them.
Popper also rejected the distinction between theoretical and observational terms and tried to overcome the problem
Read MoreMarx’s Historical Materialism: Class Struggle and Capitalism’s Contradictions
Mat. Histórico
The following examines the historical changes in economic conditions. In the second half of the 19th century, capitalism was established, and its contradictions became visible. Marx’s philosophy aimed to encourage and guide the awareness and revolution of the workers and oppressed class against the ruling class and society.
Influences on Marx
One of the most profound influences on Marx was Hegel, with his notion of confrontation, historical progress, and the State. Marx retained the
Read MoreUnderstanding Cultural Anthropology: Societies, Identity, and Language
Contributions of Cultural Anthropology
Cultural anthropology studies the lifestyles of different human groups and their evolution. It examines institutions and interprets cultural expressions to understand their meaning, attempting to reproduce the cultural evolution experienced in their way of living and interacting with others.
The First Societies
- Egalitarian societies based on hunting and gathering.
- Leadership by experienced individuals.
Agricultural Societies
- New economic forms: accumulation and redistribution
Tackling School Challenges: Solutions for Educators and Parents
Racism at School
Do you think racism is still among us at schools? It is, and some schools are implementing programs to combat it. Children from diverse ethnic backgrounds or whose parents are immigrants are more likely to face comments and aggression at school. Therefore, we must teach children that every act has its consequences. Misbehavior can lead to punishment, while contributing to solutions can be rewarded.
Proposed Solutions
1. Student-Selected Consequences: Children, under teacher supervision,
Read MoreEvolution of the European Union: Treaties, Enlargement, and Institutions
The Process of European Union Integration
In 1946, Winston Churchill advocated for a unified Europe to end rivalries and create a global power comparable to the U.S. and the USSR. The process of EU integration began a few years later with the founding treaties:
Founding Treaties
- Treaty of Paris (1951): Established the European Coal and Steel Community, a common market for France, West Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries.
- Treaty of Rome (1957): Created the European Economic Community, establishing
19th Century Sociology: Comte, Marx, and Durkheim
A New Beginning and Science: 19th Century Sociology
The 19th century, one of the most violent in European history, forced the creation of a new social order due to the French Revolution’s crumbling of the ancien régime. A change occurred in the way people worked. This new social organization polarized around two classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat.
Auguste Comte (1798-1859)
Plan of Planning and Sciences
Comte viewed the modern world as a time of disorder and anarchy. The title of his first work suggests
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