Krashen’s Monitor Model: Five Hypotheses of Second Language Acquisition
Recent Psychological Theories of SLA (1)
Krashen’s Monitor Model
This is an innatist theory of SLA, greatly influencing SL teaching practice. Krashen’s theory (1982) was originally called ‘the Monitor Model,’ constituted by five hypotheses:
- Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
- Monitor Hypothesis
- Natural Order Hypothesis
- Input Hypothesis
- Affective Hypothesis
1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
According to Krashen, adult L2 learners develop knowledge of an L2 via: (a) acquisition and (b) learning.
(a)
Read MoreGlobal Publics, Trade, and International Relations Concepts
Global Publics
Global publics are non-rivalrous and inclusive. Non-rivalry means one person’s use doesn’t diminish another’s. Inclusiveness means no one can be excluded from using them. A true global public good (GPG) is virtually universal, benefiting humanity globally. Examples include world peace and environmental preservation.
Prisoner’s Dilemma
The pursuit of self-interest doesn’t always benefit everyone, sometimes leading to the worst possible outcome.
Harmony vs. Conflict
Harmony
Countries pursuing
Read MoreFoundations of Marxism: Alienation, Historical Materialism, and Class Struggle
Block III (Marx): The Genesis of Marxism
The German Classical Philosophy: Marx was deeply influenced by Hegel’s dialectical method of analysis. However, Marx, along with other Left Hegelians like Feuerbach, reacted against Hegel’s idealism by postulating materialism. Marx adapted Hegel’s dialectic as a framework for understanding reality, including human practice, but from a materialistic perspective.
The English Political Economy: Marx critiqued the classical capitalist economy theories of Adam Smith
Read MoreCivics Fundamentals: Political Systems, Democracy, and Elections
Civics Summary
Basics
Political System: Relations between government institutions and the nation.
Democracy: A form of government where the people exercise state sovereignty.
Dictatorship: A form of government where one entity imposes its authority, violating the population’s rights.
State: Legal and political organization formed by the unit of territory, governance, and sovereignty.
Sovereignty: The ability of a people to determine their own form of government.
Delegate: An act by which the people of
Read MoreEssential Educational Concepts and Principles
Importance of Creativity
Creativity should encourage innovation, divergent thinking, originality, and discovery.
Methodologically, we can distinguish the following levels of creativity:
* Expressive: pure spontaneity.
* Productive: related to space and time.
* Resourcefulness: unconditional.
* Innovative: deployment of originality.
* Emerging: permanent innovative attitude.
Principle of Unity
Refers to the consistency required in all training programs of students, of the school culture, and if
Read MoreKarl Marx: Life, Works, and Socio-Cultural Impact
Early Life and Influences
Karl Marx (1818-1883), born in Trier, Germany, to a Jewish family of the petty bourgeoisie, studied law and philosophy. His ideas against the aristocracy led to his exile in France, where he met Bakunin and Proudhon. He later moved to Belgium and then to London, where he spent the rest of his life, often relying on the support of his friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels. In 1864, he co-founded the International Workingmen’s Association in London with Bakunin. Marx’s
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