Verb Alternations in English: A Comprehensive Study
Verb Alternations in English
Middle Alternation
Easily, Often, Only, From Both Ends:
✓✓ This verb participates in the middle alternation because it allows both the transitive variant NP1 (Agent) V NP2 (Patient) and the intransitive variant/middle construction NP2 (Agent) V PP/AdvP, which receives a non-eventive, generic, habitual, or potential interpretation. Moreover, it is possible because the direct object (DO) of the transitive variant undergoes a change of state and is affected (its physical
Read MoreStance and Linking Adverbials in English: Usage and Examples
Dangling (or Unattached) Participles
A participle should describe the grammatical subject of the main clause. For example, “When I was looking out the window, the day seemed very cloudy.” is correct. However, “Looking out the window, the day…” is incorrect because it implies that the day was looking out the window. A dangling participle occurs when the speaker intends to describe something other than the grammatical subject of the sentence. It is an -ing or -ed clause with an understood subject
Read MoreUnderstanding Language Dynamics in Society
Linguistic Community
A linguistic community is a human society historically rooted in a particular territorial space, recognized or not, that self-identifies as a people and has developed a common language as a natural means of communication and cultural cohesion among its members.
Contact Languages
Contact languages refer to a situation in which there is direct and common interaction among speakers of two or more languages. Previously, language contact occurred primarily between neighboring territories
Read MoreOral and Written Language: Key Differences and Structures
Oral and Written Language: Key Differences
Oral and written language are two different codes with distinct textual and contextual differences, each serving different functions and used in different situations. They are part of the same language.
Features of Spoken Language
- Face-to-face communication: Social interactions build the text, and the situation makes details explicit.
- Spontaneity: The speaker may amend but not erase what has been said. It is fleeting and therefore more informal.
- Nonverbal codes:
Social Justice, Education, and Inequality: A Critical Analysis
Equality and Social Justice
Working people fight for social justice and equality. University seems an ideal place to develop equality opportunities. University is a new generation of market-led professionals with postmodernism and the rise of neo-liberal politics. Some authors argue that university and higher education has a special mission to fight against injustice. Equality studies experiences some difficulties that women’s studies do. Social justice defends the creation of society and its institutions
Read MoreSocialism and Labor Movements in the 19th Century
The Working Classes
Farmers
The situation of European peasantry was very diverse. In the West, the peasantry was free, and in many landowner cases in Eastern Europe, serfdom was not abolished until the nineteenth century.
The Workers
The Industrial Revolution led to a wide range of industrial workers, who tended to be classified as working class or proletariat. Their common denominator was the condition of being employees.
Within the working class were manufacturing industry workers, homeworkers, domestic
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