Political Power, Liberalism, and Democracy: Key Concepts
What is the Origin of Political Power for Nietzsche?
F. Nietzsche argued in his works that the violent origin of any kingdom is key to understanding the political. In his view, the desire for domination of some over others is the root of political power.
What is Political Power? (Legitimacy)
Most philosophers have argued that political power is necessary for any society to function. But not all political power is legitimate. According to Locke, the criterion of legitimacy of political power is to fulfill
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Language: Origins, Structure, and Theories
Unit 2: Language
1. The Concept of Language
Ferdinand de Saussure defined language as “a system of arbitrary signs” and believed that it comprises two factors: langue (language system) and parole (speech). He emphasized that language is a social fact, in contrast to speech, which is an individual phenomenon. This dual conception of language, as a system of signs and as a social institution, led Saussure to propose semiotics, a science that studies the life of signs within social life. Sign systems
Read More20th Century Sociocultural Synthesis: Art, Literature, and Politics
20th Century Sociocultural Synthesis
The twentieth century saw improvements in the distribution of work and leisure time, enhancing access to information and culture. It was not only the century of the popularization of the press, the telegraph, telephone, and cinema, but also the appearance of radio, TV, PCs, and artificial satellites.
European Art Scene
In the European art scene, the avant-garde stands out, with surrealism as one of its most representative movements. Other leading movements include
Read MoreUnderstanding Metaneeds and Transcendence for Self-Actualization
Metaneeds and the Pursuit of Knowledge
The metaneeds and potential are the second set of motivational assumptions in the pursuit of knowledge.
The general principle of correlation between aspects of reality and human needs states that every aspect is actually a group of man has needs and vice versa.
Self-actualization needs are a third group of human needs that have to be correlated with a third aspect of reality.
It follows that man has needs of self and in turn to a third aspect.
The third aspect is
Read MoreMarxist Theory: Class Struggle and Capitalist Production
The Structure of Society
Marx posits that human societies have progressed through different stages of development. In each of these socio-economic formations, there are three levels:
- Economic (infrastructure)
- Legal-political
- Ideological (superstructure)
The economic level involves activities for the production of material goods necessary for survival. The legal-political level establishes the mechanisms of power and the rules that govern a society, represented by the state and law. The ideological level
Read MoreInclusive Education for Students with Disabilities in the EU
**Educational Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in the European Union**
The inclusion of students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) is one of the most important and influential innovations that education systems have incorporated into their policies and practices in recent decades. In the 1960s, B. Mikkelsen, W. Nirje, and Wolfensberger proposed the principle of normalization for people with mental retardation. This principle asserts the right to develop a way of life as normal as possible
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