Advanced Energy Systems and Photovoltaic Technology

Posted by on Mar 2, 2026 in Renewable Energy Engineering | 0 comments

Oil Extraction and Refining Processes

Oil Extraction Techniques

Oil extraction involves three main stages of recovery:

  • Primary Recovery: Uses natural well pressure or pumps to recover approximately 10% of crude oil.
  • Secondary Recovery: Injects water or gas to increase pressure, recovering 20–40% of crude.
  • Tertiary (Enhanced) Recovery: Recovers 30–60% of the crude through:
    • Thermal Injection: Steam reduces crude viscosity.
    • Gas Injection: Natural gas or COâ‚‚ displaces the crude or reduces viscosity.
    • Chemical
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Understanding Electricity Markets: Key Concepts and Mechanisms

Posted by on Mar 23, 2025 in Renewable Energy Engineering | 0 comments

Key Concepts in Electricity Markets

Consumer Surplus and Producer Costs

Differences between Gross CS and Net CS: The net one only considers the difference between the price offer and the marginal price (multiplied by the power), while the gross one considers the whole price offer multiplied by the power.

Variable and fixed costs for producers:

  • Fixed: maintenance, initial cost (building, land, machines), salaries.
  • Variable: Fuel, operation costs.

Marginal Price and Producer

Market clearing price is the

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