Early Medieval Art: From Christianity to Islam
I. Early Christian Art (4th Century AD)
With the decline of the Roman Empire, Christianity emerged as a driving force in the West, bridging classical and Christian cultures to create a new artistic foundation. Early Christian art can be divided into two stages, separated by the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, which granted freedom of religious worship.
Before the Edict of Milan:
Persecution led Christians to gather in repurposed houses (domus ecclesiae). The oldest known example is Dura Europos in Syria
Read MoreReformation and Counter-Reformation: Religious Upheaval
Topic 3: The Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Crisis in Medieval Religion
The 15th century saw a shift in religious focus towards the individual, clashing with established social and ecclesiastical structures. This led to the rise of heresies like German Christian Socialism and the Waldenses in France, fueled by social unrest and apocalyptic beliefs.
The Church, weakened by a discredited Papacy and poorly educated clergy, struggled to address these concerns.
New Forms of Spirituality: Modern Devotion
Read MoreUnderstanding the Gospels and the Life of Jesus
The Pharisees
Demanding Perfection
The Pharisees sought perfection in others and demanded strict adherence to the law. However, God, in his perfect understanding, recognizes human limitations and offers a more compassionate approach.
God’s Compassion
God, being perfect, understands the true cost and value of holiness. He is less demanding than the Pharisees and embraces even the greatest of sinners.
A Caution Against Judgment
It is important not to judge others harshly or label them as Pharisees. Instead,
Read MoreHinduism: Sacred People, Spaces, Texts, and Rituals
Sacred People
Hinduism reveres certain individuals as sacred. Brahmans, the highest caste, dedicate their lives to deities and focus on spiritual matters. Sadhus, or Yogis, are wandering ascetics who renounce worldly life. Gurus are masters of religious knowledge, teaching Hinduism to children and young people.
Sacred Spaces
Sacred sites in Hinduism are often near rivers or lakes. Pilgrimage is significant. Holy cities along the Ganges River are especially revered. Pushkar, with its Brahma temple,
Read MoreFaith, Reason, and Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Faith and Reason in the Middle Ages
Origins of Christianity
- First Centuries: Christianity emerged as a religion of the lower classes in the Roman Empire, emphasizing peace and solidarity. It defended the poor, as exemplified by the Church of Jerusalem in the Acts of the Apostles.
- Despite persecution for not worshipping the emperor, Christianity spread across all societal levels in Mediterranean nations.
- Fourth Century: Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, coinciding with the
Interfaith Harmony and Cultural Exchange in Spain’s History
The Church’s New Role in a Changing World
With its declaration on religious freedom, the Church’s council endorsed the absolute independence of the Church from political powers and freedom of conscience for all citizens. This had a profound impact in Spain, where the Church supported the political transition of the late 1970s. Relinquishing any claim to privilege, the Church committed to societal action through witnessing its mission and providing aid. Simultaneously, the world embraced coexistence
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