Celtic Art and Visigothic Architecture in Early Medieval Europe
Mainly in monastic or ecclesiastical contexts, many Celtic artworks are very simple. Some authors have suggested that their incised carving technique is reminiscent of wood carving. It is possible that many were originally made of wood, but only the stone versions have survived.
Ogham Stones
Important examples include the so-called Ogham stones, which feature inscriptions on stone:
- Drumaqueran: Carved with a chrismon.
- Smell: More complicated, featuring a Latin cross with the alpha and omega hanging
Understanding the Structure and Roles Within a Catholic Diocese
The Diocese
At the forefront stands the Diocesan Bishop.
Auxiliary Bishop
It may happen that a bishop cannot fulfill the entrusted duties alone. If so, the diocese, at the request of their bishop, can count on one or more Auxiliary Bishops. For their selection, the head of the diocese will propose a list of at least three names to the Apostolic See. For its part, the Holy See may appoint a Coadjutor Bishop. The difference lies in the initiative of the appointment. Both, moreover, will be named Vicar
Read MoreAugustine of Hippo and Anselm of Canterbury: Christian Philosophy
Augustine of Hippo: Faith and Reason in Christian Doctrine
Augustine of Hippo viewed Christianity primarily as a doctrine of salvation for humanity, not merely a philosophy. He believed that the meaning of life is tied to Christianity on a supernatural plane. Faith, according to Augustine, is a gift from God that enables us to accept divine revelation.
Philosophical Contributions of Augustine
- Monotheism: The existence of one God is unquestionable in Christianity.
- Creationism: God created the world out
Understanding Islam: Beliefs, Practices, and History
The 6th Century
In the 6th century, the cube-shaped temple known as the Kaaba was a site of pilgrimage for pagan Arabs in Mecca. They acknowledged the one true God of Abraham and had a faint knowledge of a Supreme Being named Allah. However, their understanding of this Supreme Being was lost over time, and they began worshiping idols as mediators to Him.
Muhammad’s Mission
Muhammad’s mission was to bear witness that the supreme God, called Allah, was the only God. He taught that those who worship Allah
Read MoreBehaviorism, Religion, and Culture: Key Concepts and Figures
Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner’s Perspective
B.F. Skinner viewed humans as a tabula rasa, suggesting that individuals are products of their environment.
Religion: Diverse Perspectives
The Concept of Religion
The word “religion” derives from the Latin religare, meaning “to unite both parties.”
Sigmund Freud’s View on Religion
In his 1927 book, The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud argued that religion was unnecessary for modern individuals and prevented followers from understanding the reality of life.
William
Read MoreWorld Religions: Key Concepts and Beliefs
Key Concepts in World Religions
The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther, excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church, initiated the Protestant Reformation, a significant movement in Christian tradition.
Understanding Religion: Religions are often categorized as Eastern or Western. Western religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are typically monotheistic, while Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism are often polytheistic. They also differ in their views of time, with one seeing
Read More