Animal Cognition: Counting, Spatial Representation, and Tool Use
Counting and Numerosity
Brannon & Terrace (1998): About Counting
- Numerosity is often confounded with other properties like size and surface area.
- Duration (auditory counting) is also a factor.
Methods
- Training: Touch screen; choose exemplars in ascending order of numerosity.
- 35 sets that differ in size and shape of elements.
- Category types: nominal vs. ordinal.
- If forming nominal representations, they are learning representations of an arbitrary feature, not ordinal representations.
- Learning a general
Understanding Perception: Illusions, Constancies, and Reality
Closure in Perception
Closure is the tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete. We “close” or fill in the missing parts to see a whole.
Continuity in Perception
We tend to group or separate stimuli to maintain a harmonious continuity.
Perceptual Constancies
Although objects constantly change in position, distance, and color, we perceive them as stable and unchanging.
Form Constancy
The tendency to perceive that objects have the same shape despite changes in their position.
Size Constancy
When viewing
Read MoreIndigenous Psychology, Altruism, and Peace Studies
Indigenous Psychology
Indigenous psychology is the system of psychological thought and practice that is rooted in a particular cultural tradition. It is indigenous because the knowledge derived is not borrowed or imposed from outside. It attempts to look at reality from the native’s point of view as they have conceived, perceived, and understood it.
Produced naturally in a region, it belongs naturally to the soil, originating, developing, or produced naturally in a particular land, region, or environment.
Read MorePsychology Concepts: Social, Cognitive, and Clinical
Social Psychology Concepts
Thin Slicing – Rapid processing of social cues.
Personal Attributions – Internal attributions; refer to things within people.
Situational Attributions – External attributions; refer to the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error – The tendency for people to base explanations of behavior on personal characteristics.
Actor-Observer Discrepancy – People’s tendency to focus on situation when interpreting their own negative behaviors and to focus on dispositions when interpreting
Read MoreDesign of Experiments: Key Concepts and Designs
Design of Experiments: Key Concepts
Design of Experiments (DOE) is the rational planning of experiments to obtain the maximum amount of information with the minimum number of trials. Its function is to analyze results and obtain evidence to test previously established hypotheses.
DOE is directly related to the problem statement and the hypothesis. The design aims to collect data from reality to solve the problem, and the hypothesis guides the type of experimentation needed to obtain, analyze, and
Read MoreUnderstanding Hypotheses in Research Methodology
Unit VI: Theory
It is an assumption that establishes the existence of a relationship between two or more variables expressed as facts, events, or factors, and should be tested to be accepted as valid. Role of Hypotheses: Guide and direct an investigation. The assumptions should be deducted from the problem and aim to study and be consistent with the theoretical framework underpinning the work. Determine the type of study to follow and the design methodology that is planned for testing.
Characteristics