Understanding Variables and Measurement Scales in Research
Scales of Measurement of Variables
Planning time. Control is carried out methodically by exclusion criteria.
Categorical or Qualitative Variables
Rating Scale (any attribute): It has categories that you name, and there is no implicit order between them. It only identifies an event as different and allows relationships.
Ordinal Scale (an attribute – Order): Has ordered categories but does not quantify the distance between one category and another. It establishes relations of hierarchy.
Numeric or Quantitative
Aircraft Performance Data: Regulations and Tables
Regulations
Leg 15: (B) Leg 15 y Fig 117: (B) Leg 15 y Fig 185A: (A) Leg 15 y Fig 205: (C) Leg 15 y Fig 215: (C) Fig 115, 116, 117, 118, 118A, 118B, 118C: (B) Fig 118A: (B) Fig 190, 195, 195A, 196, 196A: (A) Fig 206: (B) Fig 214 y 182A: 321/42 Fig 214 y 183 y 183A: (B)
Equipment
Fig 112: (C) Fig 125: Wind 050°(B) Ilust 4(B) TO the station(A) from the station(B) Fig 129: (A) Fig 130: A(B) B(C) C(B) D(B) Fig 131: A(B) B(B) C(A) D(A) E(B) F(C) Fig 135 y 138: (B) Fig 136 y 138: (C) Fig 137 y 138: (A)
Read MoreAnimal Cognition: Counting, Spatial Representation, and Tool Use
Counting and Numerosity
Brannon & Terrace (1998): About Counting
- Numerosity is often confounded with other properties like size and surface area.
- Duration (auditory counting) is also a factor.
Methods
- Training: Touch screen; choose exemplars in ascending order of numerosity.
- 35 sets that differ in size and shape of elements.
- Category types: nominal vs. ordinal.
- If forming nominal representations, they are learning representations of an arbitrary feature, not ordinal representations.
- Learning a general
Understanding Perception: Illusions, Constancies, and Reality
Closure in Perception
Closure is the tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete. We “close” or fill in the missing parts to see a whole.
Continuity in Perception
We tend to group or separate stimuli to maintain a harmonious continuity.
Perceptual Constancies
Although objects constantly change in position, distance, and color, we perceive them as stable and unchanging.
Form Constancy
The tendency to perceive that objects have the same shape despite changes in their position.
Size Constancy
When viewing
Read MoreIndigenous Psychology, Altruism, and Peace Studies
Indigenous Psychology
Indigenous psychology is the system of psychological thought and practice that is rooted in a particular cultural tradition. It is indigenous because the knowledge derived is not borrowed or imposed from outside. It attempts to look at reality from the native’s point of view as they have conceived, perceived, and understood it.
Produced naturally in a region, it belongs naturally to the soil, originating, developing, or produced naturally in a particular land, region, or environment.
Read MorePsychology Concepts: Social, Cognitive, and Clinical
Social Psychology Concepts
Thin Slicing – Rapid processing of social cues.
Personal Attributions – Internal attributions; refer to things within people.
Situational Attributions – External attributions; refer to the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error – The tendency for people to base explanations of behavior on personal characteristics.
Actor-Observer Discrepancy – People’s tendency to focus on situation when interpreting their own negative behaviors and to focus on dispositions when interpreting
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