Understanding Culture, Beliefs, and Values in Society
Culture, Beliefs, and Values in Society
Understanding Cultural Beliefs
Each culture provides its members with implicit and explicit responses. Beliefs are ideas about reality, historically developed and socially transmitted. Some beliefs are specific, relating to particular aspects of the world, forming sets known as domains. Other beliefs concern the differences between domains or their boundaries and interrelationships.
Within each culture, beliefs are generally internally consistent and mutually
Read MoreThe Sociology of Crime and Deviance: A Comprehensive Overview
Work Sociology: Crime and Deviance
1. Explain the meaning of the phrase “conformity and deviation are part of an inseparable pair.”
Conformity and deviance are two sides of the same coin. They cannot be separated because there’s no universally agreed-upon definition of “normal” behavior or conformity. A behavior is defined as deviant in relation to the existing norms of a society. In essence, deviance is the opposite of conformity.
2. What is the function of justice and punishment for C. Beccaria?
Read MorePsychological First Aid: A Guide to Trauma Response
Psychological First Aid
Objectives
Psychological First Aid aims to:
- Provide protection, security, and hope.
- Relieve acute stress symptoms.
- Prevent delayed stress reactions.
Basic Principles
A. Protect
Ensure affected individuals feel safe and secure. Search for and organize:
- Physical shelters
- Symbolic shelters
- Protection against the media (avoid contact in early hours)
B. Lead
Guide individuals away from dangerous areas to safe locations.
C. Connect
Connect individuals with personal and social resources:
- Loved
Introduction to Psychology: History, Scope, and Key Concepts
1. Introduction to Psychology and Sociology
1.1 Commonalities and Differences
Psychology and sociology share common ground as human sciences, both aiming to study humans. They differ from sciences that focus on non-human phenomena, such as anthropology. These disciplines are relatively young, emerging in the late nineteenth century as distinct fields of study. Their development occurred during a period when social sciences struggled for recognition in the scientific world. The challenge arose from
Read MoreUnderstanding Intellectual Disabilities
Historical Development of Intellectual Disability
Historically, people with intellectual disabilities have been referred to by various terms, including “mentally-oligofrénico,” “weak-minded,” “decreased,” “delayed,” and “mentally handicapped.” Regarding individuals with physical and/or sensory disabilities, terms like “handicapped,” “crippled,” “paralyzed,” “disabled,” “destitute,” and “maimed” have been used. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed using the term “mental subnormality” generally
Read MoreInfluences on the Development of Psychology: A Historical Overview
Influences on the Development of Psychology
Scientific Influences
Much of the methodology used in psychological research was adapted from other sciences, including physics, chemistry, biology, and physiology. Chapter 2 will discuss these methodologies in detail, but it’s worth briefly mentioning some of the key contributions.
Physics and chemistry provided methodology and insights into sensations and perceptions, which quickly became part of the developing field of physiology. The biological theory
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