Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
Pre-experiments
Pre-experiments offer minimal control.
- Case Study with a Single Measurement: A stimulus or treatment is applied to a group, followed by measurement of one or more variables. This design lacks a true experiment’s rigor, with no independent variable manipulation or comparison group, hindering causality establishment and internal validity control.
- Pretest-Posttest Design with a Single Group: A pretest is administered, followed by the stimulus/treatment, and finally a posttest. While offering
Perception: The New Look in Psychology
The New Look in Psychology
Around 1950, American psychologists like Jerome Bruner and Leo Postman introduced a new concept to Gestalt theory, called the “New Look”.
Sensory Images and Prior Arrangements
They argued that sensory images (sight, sound, touch, smell) are influenced by prior arrangements within the perceiver. Our perception acts as a “tuned body,” interpreting stimuli based on knowledge, experience, and feelings.
Stimuli Selection and Personality
Stimuli selection relates to our personality.
Read MoreCross-Cultural Psychology: Research, Morality, Communication, Therapy
MULTIPLE CHOICE NOTES
Measurement bias – same validity & reliability across cultures
Poortinga [1898] dealing with non-equivalent data – precluding comparison
Ecological theory – children contribute to their enculturation & socializing processes
Mead – post figurative – low level peer, prefigurative – high level peer influence
Biologically based style of interacting with world exists from birth – temperament
Piaget’s theory cog dev concern – cultural variation – child get skills in Piaget’s stages
Sees
Fundamentals of Science: Principles, Thinking, and Research
Nature of Science
1.1 Concept and Definition of Science
1. Concept:
Science is the study of natural phenomena, laws, and theories based on observation and experimentation.
2. Definition:
“Science is a method of acquiring knowledge that uses logical and objective processes to understand the truth.”
1.2 Characteristics of Science
1. Based on Facts:
Science is based on truth and facts, verified through observation and experimentation.
2. Universality:
Scientific laws and principles are universal, meaning
Read MoreHuman Sexuality: Understanding Its Importance and Impact
Human Sexuality: Its Importance and Impact
Understanding Sexuality
Sexuality involves relating to ourselves and others, characterized by the pursuit of pleasure, activity, communication, and reproductive complementarity. It contributes to our inner balance and personal well-being. From conception, we undergo developmental changes that differentiate our sexual organs and characteristics. As we grow, we become aware of our gender, along with associated expectations and behaviors.
Shaping Values and
Read MorePsychometrics: Measurement in Psychology
Psychometrics is the discipline dealing with the measurement of psychological characteristics. It aims to determine the reliability and validity of psychological tests, using statistical procedures to ascertain whether a test accurately measures a specific psychological variable. Psychometrics is divided into scaling theory and test & measurement theory. Francis Galton’s work on eugenics, aiming to improve humanity’s biological heritage through natural selection, sparked interest in statistical
Read More