Sociology of Crime: Merton’s Anomie, Chicago School, and Subcultures
First Sociology of Crime: Merton and the Chicago School
Merton’s Anomie Theory
Merton discarded the idea that solely regulatory control (or lack thereof) produces anomie. He viewed deviation as a normal adaptation to a competitive environment, not just a biological escape from lacking social control. Merton identified two key elements in a society’s cultural structure:
- Culturally defined goals
- Institutionalized means to achieve them
In a well-regulated society, goals and means are integrated. Poor integration
Read MoreUnderstanding Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Understanding Anxiety
What is Anxiety?
Anxiety is a fundamental human emotion that affects both our mental and physical well-being.
When Does Anxiety Become a Problem?
Anxiety becomes pathological when:
- It’s disproportionate to the situation.
- It persists after the danger has passed.
- It appears without a reasonable external cause.
- It interferes with normal daily functioning.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
GAD involves persistent anxiety and worry for at least six months, significantly impacting work, social
Read MoreHuman Development: A Lifespan Perspective
Aging
Organizational, neurophysiological, and biochemical changes independent of environmental conditions, experience, and practice.
Experience
Environmental events that allow certain skills to develop.
Sealed Content
Undisturbed characteristics and potential (e.g., the capacity to build something new).
Open Content
Acquired traits (e.g., language, intelligence) where potentialities are developed and operate fully.
Progressive Centralization
Continual improvement of individual functions.
Qualitative Changes
Transformations
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Learning: Theories and Principles
Social Learning Theories
Reciprocal Determinism and Interaction
There is a mutual interaction between stimulus and response agencies. The most important thing is what makes the body act upon stimuli. Some stimuli are biological, while others are fundamentally social; individuals assign social value to stimuli. The school investigating this is symbolic interactionism, a parallel and complementary approach. Stimuli influence us based on the value we assign them.
Bandura’s scheme attempts to explain human
Read MoreUnderstanding Child Psycho-Diagnostic Interviews: A Professional Approach
Feeling Parental Images
We can show how a child perceives paternal and maternal figures using test charts and CAT history, illustrating maternal image perception. We also explore how the child identifies with parental roles.
Professional Secrecy and Confidentiality
Testing material and interview content, including verbalizations, drawings, and play, must remain confidential, adhering to professional secrecy standards. Preverbal material requires the same discretion.
Interview Sequence and Anxiety
Structuring
Read MoreScientific Research in Health: Methods, Types, and Priorities
Introduction to Scientific Research in Health
Etymology: The term “research” originates from the Latin in (on) and vestigare (find, inquire, investigate, follow traces), meaning to find or describe something. In science, research is a systematic, controlled, and critical process to discover or interpret facts, phenomena, relationships, or laws.
Research Activity: Develops or contributes to generalizable knowledge, encompassing theories, principles, information, and data collection.
Theoretical Foundations
Scientific
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