Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research, Morality, Communication, Therapy
MULTIPLE CHOICE NOTES
Measurement bias – same validity & reliability across cultures
Poortinga [1898] dealing with non-equivalent data – precluding comparison
Ecological theory – children contribute to their enculturation & socializing processes
Mead – post figurative – low level peer, prefigurative – high level peer influence
Biologically based style of interacting with world exists from birth – temperament
Piaget’s theory cog dev concern – cultural variation – child get skills in Piaget’s stages
Sees
Fundamentals of Science: Principles, Thinking, and Research
Nature of Science
1.1 Concept and Definition of Science
1. Concept:
Science is the study of natural phenomena, laws, and theories based on observation and experimentation.
2. Definition:
“Science is a method of acquiring knowledge that uses logical and objective processes to understand the truth.”
1.2 Characteristics of Science
1. Based on Facts:
Science is based on truth and facts, verified through observation and experimentation.
2. Universality:
Scientific laws and principles are universal, meaning
Read MoreHuman Sexuality: Understanding Its Importance and Impact
Human Sexuality: Its Importance and Impact
Understanding Sexuality
Sexuality involves relating to ourselves and others, characterized by the pursuit of pleasure, activity, communication, and reproductive complementarity. It contributes to our inner balance and personal well-being. From conception, we undergo developmental changes that differentiate our sexual organs and characteristics. As we grow, we become aware of our gender, along with associated expectations and behaviors.
Shaping Values and
Read MorePsychometrics: Measurement in Psychology
Psychometrics is the discipline dealing with the measurement of psychological characteristics. It aims to determine the reliability and validity of psychological tests, using statistical procedures to ascertain whether a test accurately measures a specific psychological variable. Psychometrics is divided into scaling theory and test & measurement theory. Francis Galton’s work on eugenics, aiming to improve humanity’s biological heritage through natural selection, sparked interest in statistical
Read MoreSocialization Process and Theories
Socialization
Definition
Socialization is a process of interaction where an individual adapts their behavior to meet the expectations of their social group. This adaptation is influenced by cultural models and forms the basis of personal development. Socialization occurs throughout life, from infancy to old age (primary and secondary socialization), and also affects individuals transitioning between cultures, social statuses, or occupations.
Primary Socialization
During childhood, an individual integrates
Read MoreNeobehaviorism: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Evolution
Neobehaviorist Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Developed by theorists with behavioral training, conceptualizing thoughts concretely.
Tolman: Motivation-Focused Model
Emphasized motivation and its relationship with learning. Pressure or need leads to measurable behaviors. Tolman, a mathematician studying psychology and philosophy, integrated theories. His Law involved Trial and Error (Thorndike). His Contribution was creating a systematic learning theory incorporating cognitive factors. He proposed that
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