Psychological Reactions to Physical Illness: Stages and Determinants
Psychological Reactions to Physical Illness
The psychological reactions to a disease significantly influence the adaptation process and the patient’s relationship with the healthcare team.
Chronic Psychological Symptoms
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Somatization disorder
Depression
Symptoms include disinterest, discouragement, a depressed state, slowed thinking, guilt, weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, and thoughts of death.
Anxiety
Characterized by excessive worry, impatience, irritability, sleep disturbances,
Read MoreUnderstanding High & Low-Incidence Disabilities, FBA, BIP, UDL, and DI
High-Incidence and Low-Incidence Disabilities
The terms high-incidence and low-incidence disabilities are sometimes used as categories of disabilities based on the prevalence, or number of individuals identified as having this disability.
- Disabilities that are often categorized as high-incidence include:
- Learning Disabilities
- Emotional/Behavioral Disorders
- Mild Intellectual Disability
- Developmental Delay
- Speech/Language Impairments (i.e., Communication Disorders)
Due to the significant increase in prevalence,
Read MoreUnderstanding Sensory Perception in Marketing
Perception Defined
Perception is the intricate process by which physical sensations, such as sights, sounds, and smells, are selected, organized, and interpreted. The eventual interpretation of a stimulus allows it to be assigned meaning, shaping our understanding of the world.
Thresholds of Perception
Absolute Threshold
The absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected on a sensory channel. An example of this is a dog whistle, which emits a sound too high for humans
Read MoreAnimal Learning, Conditioning, and Memory
Animal Learning and Cognition
Definition of Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice. It involves a new behavior with a high degree of permanence, arising from activity and previous experience.
Types of Learning
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
An experiment with dogs showed that they secrete saliva to food stimuli. When a neutral stimulus (like a bell) is associated with food, the neutral stimulus alone can trigger salivation.
Operant Conditioning
Discovered
Read MoreSocial Inequality, Deviance, and Social Control
Inequality and Its Dimensions
Inequality manifests in two primary forms:
- Inequality of conditions: This refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, and material goods, such as housing. Examples include the stark contrast between adequate housing and homelessness.
- Inequality of opportunities: This involves the unequal distribution of life chances, including access to education, healthcare, and fair treatment by the criminal justice system.
We study inequality as a problem with three dimensions:
Read MoreBureaucrats vs Technocrats: Roles, Power, and Organizational Impact
We can distinguish two types of relatively distinct administrative staff: the bureaucrats and technocrats. The basic difference between these two is that technocrats, unlike bureaucrats, are specialists in a particular subject. These two have a different orientation when facing work within the organization.
Bureaucrats: Characteristics and Behavior
The bureaucrat is characterized by legal training, to develop tasks that have to do with the internal rules of operation. This move towards compliance