Understanding Intelligence: Theories, Research, and Testing
Key Definitions of Intelligence
a) Some theories treat intelligence as the ability to adapt that different individuals have, especially with regard to new situations. They also highlight versatility and adaptability as essential features of intelligence. b) Other views consider that being smart is knowing how to solve problems as efficiently as possible. In this way, originality and creative thinking are highlighted in the construction of intelligence. c) Some cognitive theories place greater emphasis
Read MoreMax Weber’s Sociological Insights: Ideal Types & Social Action
Max Weber: Ideal Types and Social Action
Max Weber diverged from previous authors who drew parallels between the social individual and an organism. Weber denied these parallels between biology and society, arguing that humans are conscious beings whose intentionality cannot be ignored. While Karl Marx believed that material conditions determine consciousness, Weber proposed a more nuanced view. He suggested that Marx’s theory, while a convenient explanation, needed to be supplemented by an inquiry
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Concepts in Psychology and Mental Health
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Childhood Autism
- Asperger’s Disorder
- Rett Disorder
Common Psychological Terms
- Anhedonia: The incapacity to enjoy an activity.
- Comorbidity: When a person is diagnosed with more than one disease simultaneously.
Anxiety Disorder
- Gender Differences: Females are more likely to experience anxiety disorders, except for OCD, which affects both genders equally.
Sleep Stages
- Stages of Sleep: Wakefulness, light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep, then the cycle repeats.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Read MoreBehavioral Issues and Learning Difficulties in Education
Behavior and Learning Problems
Clinical and educational experience, along with systematic research, reveals an intimate relationship between learning difficulties and a lack of personal or social adjustment. However, it is not easy to determine the nature and meaning of this relationship. A large number of people with educational problems suffer from personal and social conflicts, but views on the extent of these relationships, and which variable is the cause and which is the effect, are far from
Read MoreUnderstanding Memory and Learning: Key Concepts
Chapter 6: Learning
Habituation and Sensitization
Habituation occurs when an individual is exposed to a stimulus for a long time, or repeatedly, and the stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding. Sensitization occurs when exposure to a stimulus for a long time leads to an increased behavioral response, especially if the stimulus is harmful or rewarding (e.g., the smell of fire).
Classical Conditioning
- Simultaneous Conditioning: The conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented
Humanistic Psychotherapy: Healing and Techniques
Humanistic Psychotherapy: A Path to Healing
Key Concepts of Humanistic Psychotherapy
- The humanistic psychology movement is a genuinely American development, emerging outside of academic psychology during the 1960s. It arose from dissatisfaction with behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
- The immediate background of the humanist movement is the Gestalt school.
- The main feature is the conception of man as being endowed with inherent potential. This potential should be discovered and nurtured rather than constructed.