Understanding Memory and Learning: Key Concepts
Chapter 6: Learning
Habituation and Sensitization
Habituation occurs when an individual is exposed to a stimulus for a long time, or repeatedly, and the stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding. Sensitization occurs when exposure to a stimulus for a long time leads to an increased behavioral response, especially if the stimulus is harmful or rewarding (e.g., the smell of fire).
Classical Conditioning
- Simultaneous Conditioning: The conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented
Humanistic Psychotherapy: Healing and Techniques
Humanistic Psychotherapy: A Path to Healing
Key Concepts of Humanistic Psychotherapy
- The humanistic psychology movement is a genuinely American development, emerging outside of academic psychology during the 1960s. It arose from dissatisfaction with behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
- The immediate background of the humanist movement is the Gestalt school.
- The main feature is the conception of man as being endowed with inherent potential. This potential should be discovered and nurtured rather than constructed.
Foundations and Schools of Thought in Psychology
General Psychology
General psychology studies mental processes and conduct in the normal individual. Key historical perspectives include:
- Rationalism (Mentalism): Descartes proposed a duality of mind and body (res cogitans and res extensa) and introduced the concept of reflex. Leibniz posited that monads, through pre-established harmony, reflect individual behavior. He also differentiated between conscious, unconscious, and perception.
- Empiricism (Behaviorism): Emphasized the role of senses over innate
Juvenile Delinquency: Legal Proceedings and Characteristics
Writing
This causes delays, and trials result. It plays like a vicious circle; this delay makes it very difficult to locate witnesses, and once located, they may not remember with any degree of detail and accuracy the data to be obtained by the prosecution and the defense.
Reforms that would help streamline the functioning of the administration of justice and have a greater and better impact on crime control:
- Modernization of the functioning of judicial offices. This would be adapted to the management
Observational Learning in Children: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
Aim
To investigate whether a child would learn aggression by observing a model and whether they would reproduce this behavior in the absence of the model, and whether the sex of the model was important.
Participants
A laboratory experiment with matched pairs was used. The participants were 72 children aged 3-6 years (36 boys and 36 girls) from the Stanford University Nursery School.
Procedure
Participants were deliberately mildly annoyed by being shown a room to play with
Read MoreMastering In-Depth Interviews: Techniques and Best Practices
Scripting the In-Depth Interview
Although many authors argue against a rigid script in in-depth interviews, having a structured framework can help maintain control of the process. This is especially true when multiple interviewers from the same research team are involved. A well-crafted script ensures that all essential aspects of the research topic are covered, even if the order varies based on the interviewee’s responses.
The interview script should include key topics and questions relevant to the
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