Psychiatry Review: Key Concepts and Disorders
Psychiatry Review
Disorders of Consciousness: Delirium
The essential features of delirium are:
- Alterations of the level of consciousness and attention.
- Changes in cognitive functions in relation to the individual’s previous level.
- Abrupt onset and fluctuating course.
- Suspicion of an organic cause in its etiology.
Hallucination vs. Delusion
A hallucination is a perception that occurs without an external stimulus, unlike an illusion, and is not derived from the patient’s ideas or processes.
The Concept of
Read MoreChild Development: Affective, Identity, and Social Growth
Week 1: The Affective Domain
- Domains of Development: Cognitive, Social-Emotional, Physical (interrelated).
- Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura): Learning through observation.
- Key Components:
- Self-efficacy: Belief in ability to control behavior.
- Behavioral capability: Skills to perform behavior.
- Expectations: Outcomes of behavior change.
- Observational learning: Watching others.
- Reinforcement: Incentives for behavior change.
- Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner): Development influenced by environment:
- Microsystems,
Psychological Theories: Freud, Behaviorism, Cognitive & Humanistic
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Jacques Lacan
- Theory of personality and defense mechanisms.
- The relationship between the self, and the id, ego, and superego (reality principle and pleasure).
- Theory of the instincts.
- The new theory of instincts: Eros and Thanatos.
- Theory of Sexuality.
- Phases: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipus complex), latency, puberty.
- Dreams.
- Theory of culture.
Behaviorism
- John B. Watson: One of the most important American psychologists.
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936): Classical
Psychological Reactions to Physical Illness: Stages and Determinants
Psychological Reactions to Physical Illness
The psychological reactions to a disease significantly influence the adaptation process and the patient’s relationship with the healthcare team.
Chronic Psychological Symptoms
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Somatization disorder
Depression
Symptoms include disinterest, discouragement, a depressed state, slowed thinking, guilt, weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, and thoughts of death.
Anxiety
Characterized by excessive worry, impatience, irritability, sleep disturbances,
Read MoreUnderstanding High & Low-Incidence Disabilities, FBA, BIP, UDL, and DI
High-Incidence and Low-Incidence Disabilities
The terms high-incidence and low-incidence disabilities are sometimes used as categories of disabilities based on the prevalence, or number of individuals identified as having this disability.
- Disabilities that are often categorized as high-incidence include:
- Learning Disabilities
- Emotional/Behavioral Disorders
- Mild Intellectual Disability
- Developmental Delay
- Speech/Language Impairments (i.e., Communication Disorders)
Due to the significant increase in prevalence,
Read MoreUnderstanding Sensory Perception in Marketing
Perception Defined
Perception is the intricate process by which physical sensations, such as sights, sounds, and smells, are selected, organized, and interpreted. The eventual interpretation of a stimulus allows it to be assigned meaning, shaping our understanding of the world.
Thresholds of Perception
Absolute Threshold
The absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected on a sensory channel. An example of this is a dog whistle, which emits a sound too high for humans
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