Freud’s Economic Hypothesis: Drives and Instincts
Freud’s Economic Hypothesis
The term “economic” refers to Freud’s hypothesis that posits the existence of an energy that increases, decreases, moves, or is released and distributed by the places that constitute the human psyche, activating their different processes. An example of this energy in Freud’s view was observed in abrupt changes that occur in the intensity of the impulses and experiences (love, desire, fear, etc.) in neurotics.
He speaks of instinctive impulse to refer to these innate, primordial
Read MorePsychotherapy Techniques and Treatments: A Comprehensive Overview
Psychotherapy
Professional treatment for psychological disorders through techniques designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight.
Psychodynamic Therapy
(Psychoanalysis) A psychological treatment based on Freudian and neo-Freudian personality theories in which the therapist helps the patient explore the unconscious dynamics of personality.
Free Association
A technique of psychotherapy in which the therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship
Read MoreSocial Learning Principles and Cognitive Theory
Social Learning: Principles
Social variables are learning processes and determinants. Behavior occurs in a manner specified in each situation. Consistency only exists if the same behavior in different situations leads to the same reinforcement. Contextual stimuli do not trigger automatic responses; rather, it is the interpretation made by students that encourages them to action. Much learning is vicarious. The notion of expectation: behavior is related to the prediction that the student makes about
Read MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology
Behaviorism
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning, were the focus of a great deal of research. The behavioral school of psychology
Read MoreLeadership Traits, Styles, and Development
Personal Characteristics of Leaders
Personal Characteristics: Stable attributes that make each person unique, including their physical, social, and psychological traits.
- Emotional Intelligence: A set of abilities that enable individuals to recognize and understand their own and others’ feelings and emotions.
- Self-Awareness: Ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, and their impact on others.
- Self-Control: Ability to regulate and redirect one’s own impulses, moods, and desires.
Participant Observation in Qualitative Research
Observer Roles and Their Implications
c) Observer as Participant: In this role, the rules become clearer as the situation evolves. You will gain access to certain information if you have earned the trust and respect of the informants. However, this approach should not be idealized, as it can carry a high cost for the researcher.
d) Total Observer: This role maintains the desired distance to avoid influencing the subjects of observation. However, this type of covert observation can lead to serious
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