Infant Development Milestones: First Two Years
Infant Development: First Year Milestones
First Year: The child typically creeps, stands, and walks if they have the opportunity.
Around three months, the child sits with support. By six or seven months, they sit with help, and by nine months, they can sit for about ten minutes.
Creeping (first) and standing/walking (second) are key motor skills.
Standing and walking typically occur between nine and ten months. The child may stand with support around eleven months and stand alone with help around twelve
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Learning, Gender Theories, and Workplace Dynamics
Social Learning Theory
The theory depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation among personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior patterns.
Different Methods of Learning
- Tuition: Direct teaching
- Enactive experience: Experiencing the reactions one’s behavior evokes in others
- Modeling: Observing other people
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Emphasizes the ways that children learn gender-typed attitudes and behaviors through inference.
Gender self-socialization: Children’s biases to behave in
Read MoreFreud’s Economic Hypothesis: Drives and Instincts
Freud’s Economic Hypothesis
The term “economic” refers to Freud’s hypothesis that posits the existence of an energy that increases, decreases, moves, or is released and distributed by the places that constitute the human psyche, activating their different processes. An example of this energy in Freud’s view was observed in abrupt changes that occur in the intensity of the impulses and experiences (love, desire, fear, etc.) in neurotics.
He speaks of instinctive impulse to refer to these innate, primordial
Read MorePsychotherapy Techniques and Treatments: A Comprehensive Overview
Psychotherapy
Professional treatment for psychological disorders through techniques designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight.
Psychodynamic Therapy
(Psychoanalysis) A psychological treatment based on Freudian and neo-Freudian personality theories in which the therapist helps the patient explore the unconscious dynamics of personality.
Free Association
A technique of psychotherapy in which the therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship
Read MoreSocial Learning Principles and Cognitive Theory
Social Learning: Principles
Social variables are learning processes and determinants. Behavior occurs in a manner specified in each situation. Consistency only exists if the same behavior in different situations leads to the same reinforcement. Contextual stimuli do not trigger automatic responses; rather, it is the interpretation made by students that encourages them to action. Much learning is vicarious. The notion of expectation: behavior is related to the prediction that the student makes about
Read MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology
Behaviorism
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning, were the focus of a great deal of research. The behavioral school of psychology
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