Classical and Operant Conditioning Explained
Classical Conditioning
A basic concept for understanding classical conditioning is the reflex. A reflex signifies a single unit of innate behavior, characterized by an inevitable response to a change in environmental conditions. It involves a combination of two factors: a stimulus (S) and a response (R).
For example, consider the knee-jerk reflex: the lifting or movement of the leg, calf, and foot (R) occurs after tapping the knee with a small hammer (S). The Russian physiologist I. Pavlov (1927)
Read MoreWeber’s Bureaucracy: Rationalization, Morality, and the Aston Studies
Representational modernism consisted of sketching a singular set of empirical tendencies imagined to be irresistible and inevitable. These were the famous ‘rationalization’ of the world, the success of which would be attributed to bureaucracy as the primary mechanism of its achievement.
Its outcome was to be our imprisonment in the house of bondage – the iron cage of bureaucracy.
From Weber’s modernist vision of the world, it is, in many respects, a bleak and pessimistic vision, leavened only by
Read MoreBrain Structure, Functions, and Neurotransmitters
Brain Structure and Function
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Diencephalon
Functions: Directing sense impulses throughout the body, autonomic function control, endocrine function control, motor function control, homeostasis, and perception of hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch.
Main structures: Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus.
Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
Functions: Determining intelligence and personality, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language, interpretation of sensory
Read MoreKey Sociological Perspectives and Theorists
Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte coined the term “Sociology.” He created the classification of the three stages: Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive. He believed that sociology should contribute to the welfare of mankind.
Emile Durkheim
Emile Durkheim starts the history of sociology as we understand it today. He discusses issues such as Group Solidarity, Social Order, Crisis of Beliefs, and Anomie. He posited that society is more than the sum of individuals; it has its own entity.
Social Facts: These
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Memory: Processes and Systems
Understanding Human Memory
Memory is the ability to acquire, store, and retrieve information. It has three basic functions: collecting new information, keeping that information organized to have meaning, and retrieving it when needed.
Memory Phases
Memory consists of three phases:
- Consolidation: The transformation of stimuli into a mental representation.
- Storage: Retaining data in memory for later use.
- Recovery: Accessing information stored in memory.
Memory Systems
Sensory Memory (SM)
Sensory memory logs
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Needs: Physiological and Psychological
Understanding Human Needs
Needs are a primary and indispensable condition for life, development, and welfare.
Psychological Needs
Psychological needs are innate organic needs that a person inherits.
Acquired Psychological Needs
Acquired psychological needs within each individual reflect their life experience.
Sequence Model: Need-Drive
- Edo. satiation
- Developing physiological deprivation
- Prolonged deprivation causes physiological need
- Need arises and intensifies drive
- Occurrence of behavior motivation to satisfy