Enculturation and Ethnocentrism: Understanding Cultural Dynamics

Posted by on Feb 17, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

Enculturation and Ethnocentrism

A. Culture as a Collective and Individual Entity

Culture is a collective entity, shared and transferred. However, culture also exists uniquely within each individual, collectively forming what is understood as personality. Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire patterns of behavior through observation and reinforcement. It should not be confused with acculturation (the process of imposing certain elements from one culture onto another). Enculturation

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Phonetics and Phonology: Key Concepts

Posted by on Feb 17, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

Key Concepts in Phonetics and Phonology

1) Phoneme: Trubetzkoy’s set of distinctive features are presented simultaneously in a phonetic complexity of application. For example, the phoneme /b/: consonant, bilabial, occlusive, sonorous.

2) Phonetic Oppositions: Phonetic oppositions are distinguished by a feature and do not change significantly. For example: /b/ bilabial, sound, occlusive (e.g., course) /ΙΈ/ bilabial, sound, fricative (e.g., it came yesterday) Phonological oppositions distinguish meanings,

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Understanding Memory and Learning Processes

Posted by on Feb 16, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

Understanding Memory and Learning

Memory: Definition and Types

Definition: Memory is the psychological process that retains, stores, retrieves, and deletes data.

Both types of memory work together.

Types of Memory

  1. Declarative Memory: This is the ability to store information related to language (numbers, addresses, theories, etc.).
  2. Memory of Facts: This includes stored numbers, processes, and sense of time.

Temporal Phases of Memory

  1. Sensory Memory: This is the most basic type, related to environmental stimuli
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Social Psychology: Key Concepts, Assumptions & Applications

Posted by on Feb 16, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

Social Psychology Summary

Key FeaturesMethodology
Basic AssumptionsAreas of Application
  • All behavior occurs in a social context, even when nobody else is physically present
  • A major influence on people’s behavior, thought processes and emotions are other people and the society they have created
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Understanding the 5 Stages of Children’s Drawing Development

Posted by on Feb 16, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

Drawing Stages of Infant Development

A child, in the process of creating their world, goes through a series of drawing stages:

  • Involuntary Drawing (Scribbling Stage, 2-4 years). This is the most important part. It is involuntary, characterized by messy scrawls.
  • Realism Training (Pre-schematic Stage, 4-7 years).
  • Intended Realism (Schematic Stage, 7-9 years).
  • Visual Realism (Pseudorealistic Stage, 12-14 years).
  • Adolescent Crisis (14-17 years).

Evolution of Graphics

This process provides guidance to the teacher

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Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, and Schizoaffective Disorders

Posted by on Feb 15, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

F20.xx Schizophrenia

Characteristic symptoms: Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated):

  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
  4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. Negative symptoms, such as affective flattening, alogia, or apathy

Note: Only one symptom is required in Criterion A if delusions are bizarre, or if delusions consist of a voice commenting on

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