Understanding Behavioral Science Research Methods and Ethics
Ways of Knowing
Less Scientific Ways
Intuition: Based on emotions and personal judgment, often leading to false conclusions about cause and effect.
Illusory Correlation: Occurs when we perceive a connection between two unrelated events that stand out and occur together.
Authority: Based on unquestioning acceptance of information from an authority figure, even without evidence.
Scientific Approach
Skepticism: Evaluating ideas based on logic and scientific evidence.
Empiricism: Relying on observation and
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Control, Deviance, and Stratification: A Sociological Perspective
Chapter 7 – Social Control & Deviance
Definitions
Internalization: The process by which a norm becomes part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
Sanctions: The rewards and punishments used to reinforce conformity to norms.
Social Control: Enforcing norms through either internal or external means.
Deviance: Behavior that violates significant social norms.
Stigma: A mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant individual apart from
Read MoreQualitative Data Collection Methods in Applied Linguistics
Qualitative Data Collection
Characteristics of Qualitative Data
- Tends to be extensive and unfocused, with a heterogeneous nature.
- No explicit restrictions on what constitutes data.
- Less systematic and standardized data collection compared to quantitative research.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Sampling
Quantitative Sampling
Aims for straightforwardness and representativeness of the respondent sample or experience distribution within the population.
Qualitative Sampling
Focuses on describing, understanding,
Read MoreQualitative Research Methods: A Comprehensive Guide
Qualitative Research
Data Collection and Analysis
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand human experiences and social phenomena. Qualitative datasets tend to be extensive, diverse, and less structured than quantitative data.
Sampling Methods
Purposive and Theoretical Sampling
Purposive sampling selects participants based on the study’s purpose, while theoretical sampling is guided by emerging concepts and theories.
Iteration, Saturation, and Sample Size
Iteration
Read MoreQuantitative Data Collection Methods in Applied Linguistics
Types of Quantitative Data
Several methods can be used to collect quantitative data in applied linguistics research:
- Tests: Language tests, psychological tests, etc.
- Behavioral Frequency: Measuring the occurrence of specific behaviors within a set timeframe.
- Questionnaire Surveys: Gathering data through structured questionnaires.
Sampling in Quantitative Research
Sampling is crucial in quantitative research, as the chosen participants determine the study’s success. Key concepts include:
- Sample: The group
Sociology in Public Health: Research Methods & Data Analysis
Sociology in Public Health
The Role of Sociological Methods
Sociology, the scientific study of social behavior, plays a crucial role in public health research. It provides valuable insights into the origins, development, organization, and institutions that influence health outcomes.
Sociological Research Methods
Sociological research methods fall into two main categories:
- Quantitative methods: These methods use quantifiable data and statistical analysis to draw general conclusions about social phenomena.