Psychological Studies: Exploring Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior
Pepperberg’s Study on Animal Categorization
Aim:
To investigate whether animals can understand the concept of difference and similarity through categorization.
Sample:
Alex, an African grey parrot, who was already familiar with over 80 objects.
Procedure:
Alex was shown objects that differed in shape, color, and material. He was then asked to identify the similarities and differences between the objects. An independent observer tested him while the primary trainer translated his responses. If Alex answered
Read MoreUnderstanding Cultural Dimensions in International Business
Ch. 2 Dimensions of Culture
Universalism vs. Particularism (Rules vs. Relationships)
• Universalism vs. Particularism (rules vs. relationships)
• Individualism vs. Communitarianism (the individual vs. the group)
• Neutral vs. Affective Cultures (the degree to which feelings are expressed)
• Specific vs. Diffuse Cultures (the degree of involvement)
• Achievement vs. Ascription Cultures (how status is accorded)
Universalism vs. Particularism
- Universalist, or rule-based, behavior tends to be abstract.
Foundations of Psychology: From Structuralism to Cognitive Approaches
CH1:TOPIC 1
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior & mental processes. Psychologists approach human behavior as scientists who think critically & who are curious, skeptical, & objective. Two founders of the science of psychology are Wilhelm Wundt & William James. What was so special about this experiment? Wundt’s study was about the workings of the brain: He was trying to measure the time it took the human brain & nervous system to translate information into action.
Read MoreUnderstanding Emotions, Moods, and Feelings: Psychological Insights
Properties of Emotion:
- Emotion: immediate, relatively brief, response to env or thoughts
- Involves conscious feelings, physiological response, changes in behavior
VS Mood:
- Slow, long lasting, general state
- No identifiable triggering events
Feeling:
- Subjective sense of an emotion
- One part of an emotional response
Components:
- Subjective feeling
- Physiological reaction
- Behavioral responses (cognitive process)
Common Sense:
- Events cause fear
- Fear → physiological response and changes in overt behavior
- Subjective experience
The Social Work Interview: A Comprehensive Guide
Information Gathering and Hypothesis Formulation
The social work interview is a crucial tool for gathering information and understanding the needs of service users. During the interview, the social worker carefully selects, synthesizes, and interprets data obtained through verbal and nonverbal communication. This process leads to the formulation of hypotheses—assumptions or explanations about the user’s situation—which are then tested and refined as more information becomes available. These hypotheses
Read MoreMessage Processing, Attention, and Emotion in Marketing Communications
Message Processing
Message processing refers to the short-term attention paid to marketing communication and the subsequent cognitive processes that occur in the brain. It occurs with each exposure to a message from a brand.
Attention
Attention can be either unconscious or conscious:
- Unconscious processing is automatic and deals with signals from our senses without conscious awareness. Most unconscious attention will not lead to full processing of a message.
- Conscious processing draws upon associations