Endogeneity and Instrumental Variable Estimation
- Explanatory variables uncorrelated to the error term are called exogenous variables. The independent error terms assumption of OLS is known as the exogeneity assumption.
- Violation of the exogeneity assumption leads to a condition known as endogeneity.
- Presentations of endogeneity that can bias OLS results include:
- Selection Bias and Omitted Variable Bias
- Attenuation Bias
- Endogeneity Bias and Simultaneity Bias
- Bias caused by endogeneity can be circumvented through Instrumental Variable
Motivation Theories: A Comprehensive Guide
Content:
Motivation Theories Focused on the Content:
- Maslow’s Pyramid: Basic physiological needs, security needs, social needs, ego needs, and self-realization.
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Hygiene factors (prevent dissatisfaction) and motivating factors (promote satisfaction).
Other Job-Related Needs (McClelland):
- Need for affiliation: Establishing positive relationships.
- Need for power: Controlling and influencing others.
- Need for self: Developing and utilizing potential.
- Need to achieve: Setting and
Understanding Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide to Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Theories of Depressive Disorders
The first psychological formulations of depressive disorders came from psychoanalysis. Abraham conceived depression as an exacerbation of a constitutional legacy of oral eroticism. Freud differentiated normal depressive reactions (melancholy) from depressive reactions due to losing a loved one (bereavement). Both answers involve losing something.
To minimize the impact of losing love, the child internalizes a representation of that object, or introjects
Read MoreResearch Methodology: A Comprehensive Guide to Sampling, Measurement, Interviews, and Report Writing
1. What is Sampling Design?
Sampling design is a systematic approach used by researchers to select a representative subset of individuals from a larger population. The goal is to ensure that the sample is both manageable in size and reflective of the population’s characteristics. This involves defining the target population, determining the sampling frame, choosing a sampling method (e.g., random, stratified, cluster), calculating the sample size, and selecting the sample in a way that minimizes
Read MoreIntroduction to Psychology and Healthcare
1. Introduction to Psychology
1.1 Sensation and Perception
Sensation refers to the raw data we receive through our senses. Perception, on the other hand, is the way our brain interprets and organizes this sensory information, often without us consciously realizing it.
1.2 Perceptions of the Person
Factors influencing individual perception include:
- Personality
- Self-esteem
- Group influence
- Disorders
1.3 Consciousness
Consciousness encompasses various levels of activation within our nervous system and other physiological
Read MoreUnderstanding Visual Impairment and Deafblindness
Visual Impairment
Visual impairment is a permanent alteration in the eyes, on impulse conduction pathways, or the visual cortex, which produces a clear decrease in the ability of vision. Visual impairment ranges from absolute blindness to slight changes in vision. Each situation will have its own needs and will require resources and specific intervention processes.
How to Measure Visual Impairment
An assessment of the level of functioning of the organs of vision, through two parameters:
- Visual acuity