Measurement and Evaluation in Education
INTRODUCTION MEASUREME AND EVALUATION :
The process of measurement is an essential component of the learning system.
Measurement has more administrative utility in education than evaluation. An evaluation process is useful in modifying and improving learning system and instructional procedure. The process of measurement is more precise and objective in approach, when compared to evaluation.
Measurement: INTRODUCTION
• Assignment of numbers (quality test, rating scale)
• It is the process of obtaining
Read MoreJean Piaget’s Constructivism & Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Jean Piaget’s Constructivism: Key Concepts
Piaget developed a theory, known as genetic epistemology, to explain how intelligence and knowledge are constructed. This theory emphasizes the active role of the individual in building their own understanding of the world.
According to Piaget, knowledge is acquired through the interaction between the individual and their environment. This process involves two key mechanisms:
- Assimilation: Incorporating new information into existing cognitive structures (schemas)
Learner’s Discovery: Bruner’s Cognitive Theory of Instruction
Learner’s Discovery (Bruner)
This cognitive theory of instruction, developed by Jerome Bruner, posits that the human mind is an information processor. It shifts the focus from stimulus-response to how individuals receive, process, organize, and retrieve information from their environment. Bruner emphasizes the importance of making learning an active process where individuals are engaged in problem-solving and applying their knowledge.
Terms of Learner’s Discovery:
- Restricted Search Scope: The individual’
Cognitive and Learning Theories in Psychology
1. Learning Theories
Watson’s Theory (1913)
Watson’s theory centers on the prediction and control of behavior.
Main Cognitive Learning Theories:
- Thorndike’s Theory of Formulations
- Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
- Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
- Bandura’s Observational Learning
Thorndike’s Associationism
The earliest learning theory was associationism. Thorndike’s theory, rooted in Locke’s associationist principles, posits that associations apply to situations and reactions they cause. In essence, an individual
Read MoreSensation and Perception: Understanding How We Experience the World
Feeling
Our behavior is a result of the complexity of cognitive and affective variables. However, all that wealth and flexibility is thanks to our biological structure. Thus, to understand our behavior, we must begin by understanding the biological bases that regulate our thoughts and emotions.
Our body has two fundamental systems that allow us to coordinate and integrate behavior: the Nervous System and the Endocrine System.
The nervous system consists of two subsystems, each one responsible for different
Read MoreCognitive Development Stages: From Infancy to Adolescence
Cognitive Development Stages: From Infancy to Adolescence
Cognitive development is a complex process that involves changes in how we think, learn, and solve problems. Jean Piaget, a renowned Swiss psychologist, proposed a theory of cognitive development that outlines four distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. These stages represent a progression in how children and adolescents acquire and utilize knowledge.
Sensorimotor Stage (0 to 2 Years)
The
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