Values, Attitudes, and Motivation in Organizational Behavior
Values
Values are abstract ideas that guide one’s thinking and behavior across all situations. They are strongly influenced by our everyday situations, beliefs, and events occurring in the societies we live in.
Schwartz’s Model of Values
Schwartz believed that values are “broad goals to accomplish over time.” Values are also relatively stable and can influence behavior outside of our awareness. The Schwartz theory consists of two bipolar dimensions:
First Bipolar Dimension
- Self-Enhancement: Pursuit of
Introduction to Sensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception
Definitions
Sensation: The elementary component of an experience, such as light and dark, bitter taste, and changes in temperature.
Perception: The collection of processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of sensations.
The Five Senses
- Touch
- Sight
- Smell
- Taste
- Hearing
Psychophysics
Psychophysics: A field in psychology in which researchers search for ways to describe the transition from a physical stimulus to the psychological experience of the stimulus.
Transduction: The
Read MoreIntroduction to Psychology: Theories, Development, and Applications
Introduction to Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a method for investigating unconscious mental processes. The Theory of Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud, whose work focused on the structure and function of the human mind.
Major Players in Psychoanalysis
Carl Jung
Carl Jung, one of Freud’s earliest pupils, developed analytical psychology. According to Jung, the unconscious mind has two parts:
- The personal unconscious, containing an individual’s experiences.
- The collective unconscious,
Understanding Psychological Disorders and Social Behavior
Chapter 13: Social Psychology
Attribution
Dispositional Attribution
Assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to their internal characteristics.
Situational Attribution
Assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to the environment.
Correspondence Bias
The tendency to view behaviors as the result of disposition even when behavior can be explained by the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
Failure to consider situational variables while making an attribution, leading to an overestimation of dispositional
Read MoreSocial Groups, Organizations, Deviance, and Stratification
Groups and Organizations
Social Groups
Social Group: Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another.
- Primary Group: A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships.
- Secondary Group: A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.
Leadership Roles and Styles
- Instrumental Leadership: Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks (give orders, make plans, get things done).
- Expressive Leadership: Group leadership
Introduction to Sociology: Key Concepts and Perspectives
Sociology
The systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of difference
Key Concepts
Private Troubles
Obstacles that individuals face as individuals rather than as a consequence of their social position.
Public Issues
Obstacles that individuals in similar positions face.
Anomie
Social instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values.
Sociological Imagination
An awareness of the relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces
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