Comparative Politics: Definitions and Structural-Functional Analysis
Q1. Define Comparative Politics and Explain the Structural–Functional Approach
Introduction
Comparative Politics is one of the most significant branches of Political Science. It deals with the systematic comparison of political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviour across different countries. The purpose of comparison is to identify similarities and differences and to develop general theories about political systems and political development.
Meaning and Definition of Comparative Politics
Traditionally,
Read MoreResearch Problem Definition, Characteristics, and Investigation
1. Meaning and Sources of a Research Problem
Answer:
A research problem is a clear, specific, and well-defined issue or question that a researcher intends to study systematically. It represents a gap between the existing state of knowledge and the desired state, which requires investigation. A well-formulated research problem provides direction to the entire research process and helps in deciding objectives, methodology, and data collection techniques.
The sources of a research problem are varied.
Read MoreYouth Citizenship, Civic Engagement & Research Methods
Stella Hart — Youth, Citizenship & Community
Stella Hart – “The ‘Problem’ with Youth: Young People, Citizenship and the Community”
Main Argument
Main Argument: New Labour’s model of citizenship is normative, disciplining youth into idealized citizens by linking rights to responsibilities. This excludes youth as active citizens and promotes alienation.
Key Concepts
- Normative Citizenship
- Focused on duties (volunteering, parenting, law-abiding behaviour).
- Enforced via policies like ASBOs,
Indian Constitutional Principles and Governance Systems
Q2. Philosophical Principles and Granville Austin
The Indian Constitution is a philosophical and transformative document reflecting the ideals of the national movement and aiming to establish political, social, and economic democracy. Its philosophical foundations combine Western political thought with Indian traditions:
- Liberalism: Reflected in the Fundamental Rights (Articles 14–21), which guarantee equality, liberty, and protection of life and personal freedom.
- Socialism: Finds expression in the
Foundations of Pakistan: Ideology, Reformers, and Constitutions
The Two-Nation Theory: Ideological Basis of Pakistan
Introduction
The Two-Nation Theory is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. It declares that Hindus and Muslims of the subcontinent were two distinct nations with different religions, cultures, traditions, and social systems. Therefore, Muslims required a separate homeland to safeguard their identity and political rights. The theory strengthened during British rule and finally led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Historical Background
- The arrival
Iris Marion Young: Oppression, Justice, and Social Change
Iris Marion Young: Justice, Oppression, and Difference
Iris Marion Young (1949–2006) was a pioneering political theorist who significantly reshaped contemporary debates on justice by moving beyond a narrow focus on the distribution of goods to a deeper analysis of oppressive social structures and institutional power. She argued that injustice is embedded in everyday practices, norms, and decision-making processes rather than merely in unequal allocation of resources.
The Five Faces of Oppression
Young’s
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